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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Recompression sCO2 Brayton Cycle versus Rankine Cycle A direct comparison of the conventional Rankine cycle with the RCBC is difficult because the Rankine cycle is an established and mature technology and has undergone a century of development and refinement. The state-of-the-art in Rankine cycles today is the ultra-supercritical (USC) cycle having a main steam pressure of 250-290 bar and temperature of 600°C with a reheat temperature of 620°C. Since there are no commercial scale power plants based on the RCBC, any comparison must be based on assumptions about the operating point. Although the nature of these two cycles is different, they both exhibit an increase in efficiency as the turbine inlet temperature increases. However, the magnitude of that increase will be different for the two cycles and hence each cycle will have a range of turbine inlet temperatures over which its efficiency is higher than the other cycle. There have been some limited comparisons of the performance of these two power cycles in the literature19,20 and they consistently show that the RCBC has a higher cycle efficiency at moderate to high values of the turbine inlet temperature. The exact value of the turbine inlet temperature where the RCBC attains a higher efficiency will vary depending on the selected cycle configurations and assumptions used for the operating state for the RCBC. Figure 4.R.10 shows the results of a systems analysis performed at NETL comparing the RCBC with a Rankine cycle having a single reheat. In this analysis the turbomachinery efficiencies for the two cycles were made equal. The results show the same trend as in prior studies and show that the RCBC has a higher efficiency than the Rankine cycle when the turbine inlet temperature exceeds approximately 425°C. Figure 4.R.10 Comparison of Recompression Brayton Cycle and Rankine Cycle Efficiencies21 Credit: NETL Semi-closed Direct-fired Oxy-fuel Brayton Cycle In addition to the indirect-fired cycles described previously, direct-fired Brayton cycles using CO2 as the working fluid are being actively investigated for fossil energy applications. Figure 4.R.11 shows a simplified block flow diagram for this cycle. The heat source is replaced with a pressurized oxy-combustor and hence, the working fluid is no longer high- purity CO2. Since much of the performance benefit of sCO2 cycles derive from the physical properties of supercritical CO2, the cycle efficiency will decrease as the concentration of CO2 decreases and hence a relatively pure and near stoichiometric oxygen stream is advantageous. This will also have the benefit of facilitating the capture of the CO2 generated during combustion, as part of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. The fuel for such a system may be synthesis gas (syngas) produced by a coal gasifier23 or natural gas.24,25 As with the indirect-fired cycles, the working fluid is recycled with thermal recuperation but the combustion products must be removed from the working fluid prior to the recycle. This is expected to be accomplished through a cooling step to condense and remove water and a purge of a portion of the working fluid to remove the material introduced by combustion, including the CO2 generated, excess oxygen, and other contaminants from 9 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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