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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle of candidates. When other factors such as safety, thermal stability, corrosion, and cost are factored in, the number of candidate working fluids is quite small. Although extensive analyses have been performed,29 no other potential working fluids have been identified that are better candidates for the supercritical recompression Brayton cycle than CO2 for terrestrial applications. sCO2 Brayton Cycles – Summary and Application Areas A number of Brayton cycle configurations using sCO2 have been described and their performance characteristics highlighted. sCO2 Brayton cycles have a clear potential to attain higher cycle efficiencies than conventional steam Rankine cycles, non-supercritical Brayton cycles, or geothermal power cycles. This is achieved primarily by selecting the cycle operating conditions to minimize the power requirement for compressing the working fluid and by using a high degree of thermal recuperation. The range of potential applications for the indirect sCO2 Brayton cycle is broad since it can be used in essentially any application that currently uses a Rankine cycle. Generally, the operating conditions where the recompression sCO2 Brayton cycle attains its highest efficiency requires a large degree of thermal recuperation. This reduces the heat loss in the CO2 cooler and allows the heat source to heat the maximum amount of working fluid and hence, generate the maximum amount of power output. A potential disadvantage of this high degree of recuperation is that the temperature increase of the CO2 in the heat source is relatively low. If the hot source operates across a wide temperature range it will create challenges in maintaining high cycle efficiency without discarding a significant portion of the available hot source energy. Many of the promising applications for indirect sCO2 Brayton cycles have heat sources that have a narrow temperature range. Examples include applications with nuclear, solar, and geothermal heat sources. In each of these cases, the sCO2 Brayton cycle operating state can be configured to utilize the maximum amount of energy available from the hot source. When the hot source temperature range is large, more complex modifications to the cycle are generally required. This may entail a higher degree of process-level heat integration, or reduction in cycle recuperation to increase the amount of hot source energy that can be utilized in the cycle, or employing a more complex cascade cycle configuration, or possibly using a combined cycle process in which the sCO2 Brayton cycle serves as the topping cycle and a Rankine cycle is used as a bottoming cycle. Conceptual designs have been proposed for each of these alternatives.30,31,32 The sCO2 Brayton cycle can also be configured for direct heating which increases its range of potential applications. The most promising application areas for direct cycles are with fossil fuel sources. Although it is overall process efficiency and not cycle efficiency that will determine whether a given power generation system is more efficient, for many applications it is straightforward to demonstrate that a higher cycle efficiency will lead to a higher process efficiency. This is because the fraction of energy from the heat source that can be harvested by the power cycle is generally not diminished with the sCO2 Brayton cycle and there is generally not an increase in the balance of plant auxiliary power required by the plant for the sCO2 Brayton cycle compared to Rankine cycles. Direct cycles also provide an intrinsic method to capture the water generated during combustion, as liquid water which will partially offset the water withdrawal in a water-cooled application. Oxy- fired direct cycles for fossil fuel applications have the additional benefit of facilitating CO2 capture, significant given the EPA’s Carbon Pollution Standards, issued under the authority of Section 111(b) of the Clean Air Act in August, 2015, that limit CO2 emissions from new coal-fired power plants to 1,400 lb CO2/MWh-gross.33 Table 4.R.4 provides a listing of the major categories of applications for the sCO2 Brayton cycle, the expected cycle configuration, the peak temperature for the working fluid, and the major benefits the sCO2 Brayton cycle may potentially demonstrate in each application. The principal benefit of the sCO2 Brayton cycle is the potential for an increase in both cycle and process efficiency compared to processes that employ Rankine cycles. An increase in process efficiency has many secondary benefits including a reduction in the thermal input needed to generate a fixed amount of power 11 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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