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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Technology Readiness and R&D Needs Technology readiness is a function of the application (e.g., fossil, nuclear, concentrating solar thermal power, geothermal), the cycle concept (indirect versus direct cycles), the operating temperature (e.g., high vs low turbine inlet temperatures) and the plant scale (e.g., small 10 MWe systems vs large utility scale plants). Figures 4.R.7 and 4.R.11 illustrate block flow diagrams for the indirect and direct cycle. The system components requiring research and development include CO2 turbines, recuperators, and CO2 heaters. The technology readiness is grouped into three categories: Mature components: cycle components that do not contact sCO2 Less-mature components System integration R&D needs are discussed in the following categories: mature components, less-mature components, system integration, and specific technology development needs. Mature Components In general, components that will not contact the sCO2 working fluid are mature technologies. Design optimization appropriate for a given application would be required, but none of these components appear to present an obstacle to commercial deployment, and they can be assumed to be reasonably predictable in their cost, reliability, and performance. Mature subsystems and components include: Electrical generation subsystem Gearbox Heat rejection subsystem sCO2 inventory control Plant controls Instrumentation High power electronics Less Mature Components The immature components can be sub-grouped into the indirect cycle needs and the direct cycle needs. The indirect cycle needs include the CO2 turbine, the recuperators, and the CO2 heater. In addition to the CO2 turbine and recuperators, the direct cycle will require R&D on: (1) advanced pressurized oxy-combustion; (2) extreme turbine inlet temperatures and associated challenges with turbine materials and blade cooling; (3) more extensive thermal integration at the cycle and process level; (4) sub-critical CO2 pumping and compression; and (5) perhaps additional challenges in fuel processing. CO2 turbines A significant technology gap is that there are no utility-scale sCO2 turbines and operational experience at any scale is limited. The fundamental scientific basis and engineering tools for turbine and compressor design are fairly mature and reliable. Thus, there are not expected to be any insurmountable obstacles but it still has to be designed and tested. Compared to an air breathing turbine, the sCO2 design must account for differences in heat capacity, density, viscosity, and acoustic properties. Particular challenges include materials, seals, corrosion, erosion, and blade cooling (for turbine inlet temperatures greater than nominal 1400°F [760 °C]). The trade- off between operating at a high turbine inlet temperature that promises high efficiency and the development challenge is an important system analysis consideration. 13 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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