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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle The high density, high pressure, and rapidly changing material properties of CO2 near the critical point represents a relatively new and very different regime for turbomachinery design. The small-scale sCO2 research turbines and compressors developed to date have performed very close to the design maps generated from first principles and have operated effectively above and below the critical temperature without the typical mechanical slugging that occurs with steam. Therefore, it is anticipated that there will not be major surprises in the turbomachinery design and operating efficiency as the technology is scaled up to higher power levels, but high quality designs and precision machining of both the compressor wheel and turbine wheel are essential to achieving high component efficiency and resulting high system efficiency. Selecting the scale for testing is also important in order to simplify turbomachinery scale-up. Figure 4.R.12 shows the effect of design on turbomachinery capacity. A nominal 10 MWe capacity is selected as a pilot scale capacity to facilitate effective scale-up. Recuperators Internal heat transfer through recuperation significantly increases the efficiency of a cycle with fixed turbomachinery conditions by reducing the amount of external heating and cooling required by the cycle. The technical challenge is determining the optimal cycle design, balancing increases in efficiency with the increased system costs as more recuperation is added. A major constraint to the design is to avoid a large pressure drop along each leg of the heat exchanger, while pursuing high heat transfer effectiveness. The design must accommodate high operating temperatures and pressures, and reductions in costs need to be demonstrated. In addition, maturing manufacturing processes will be needed to address diffusion-bonding techniques, investment-casting research, and in-service inspections as it relates to manufacturing economics. Figure 4.R.12 Ranges of Application for Key Brayton Cycle Turbomachinery Components and Features37 Credit: Sandia National Laboratories 14 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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