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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle CO2 Heaters More so than for any other component, the design of and associated developmental challenges of the CO2 heater will depend on the individual application and heat source. Of particular importance to the heat source is the temperature profile. For indirect sCO2 Brayton cycles, the final stage of heating the CO2 before it enters the turbine poses a similar set of challenges as for recuperators. While analogs exist in the existing Rankine cycles, the CO2 heater poses additional engineering challenges. The heat capacitance of the CO2 is much lower than water on a weight basis. Compounding this problem is the fact that the average driving force for heat transfer (i.e., temperature difference between the hot side and cold side) in the CO2 heater is expected to be much lower than the comparable driving force in a Rankine cycle boiler. This means that the required heat transfer area will be much greater. The need for a design that minimizes pressure drop is just as important for the CO2 heater as for the recuperators. With indirect fossil-fueled combustors and bottoming cycle applications, the heat source temperature profile will be very broad and the sCO2 cycle configuration will need to allow for the absorption of sensible heat from the flue gas down to a low level. Otherwise, a high cycle efficiency will be wasted due to a low overall recovery. In the direct-fired cycles, the driving forces are expected to be much higher but so too will be the final temperature of the heated CO2. A perhaps more significant challenge is designing the oxy-combustor for high pressure operation with a minimum amount of excess oxygen. System Integration For any given application, system integration is an important development effort that will be needed to optimize the operating and design parameters of the cycle and address start-up, shut-down, transient, and part- load operation. Dynamic processes within the system, such as pressure surging, heat transfer and convection, turbulent flow conditions, pressure waves, and acoustics must be considered for the integrated plant operation. System integration also requires taking into account the effects of unavoidable impurities in the sCO2 working fluid such as carbon monoxide and water vapor on the critical properties of pure carbon dioxide, such as forming carbonic acid. Specific Technology Development Needs The following provides examples of specific fundamental R&D needs. Turbomachinery As noted above, seals and bearings illustrate two specific technology development needs for achieving reliable and economic turbomachinery. Seals: Both the turbine and the compressor shafts of sCO2 systems must penetrate high pressure boundaries yet have minimal friction to their rotation. This has not been demonstrated at the pressures and temperature needed for sCO2 applications, nor at the power levels required by industry (10 MWe to 1,000 MWe). A potential solution is to isolate the shaft seals for the generator, radial, and thrust bearings, and any necessary starter motors from the high pressure/high temperature CO2 environment. Placing these components outside the high pressure/high temperature environment would allow use of industry standard bearings whereas keeping them inside leads to shorter shaft lengths and improved rotor dynamics. 15 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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