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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle The critical point for wide-scale adoption is the demonstration of a system that operates up to 550°C and has addressed technical risks associated with scaling up to higher temperatures. As the technology continues to advance, enabling operational temperatures to increase beyond 700°C, potential market opportunities expand further to include concentrating solar power and fossil fuel direct heating. Over the long-term, as operating temperatures and scalability increase, leading to increased efficiency, the potential market opportunities grow to include large nuclear and fossil fuel plant designs (100 MWe and larger). Very large market potential exists as technology achieves higher temperatures and efficiencies: Total installed capacity in the United States is expected to increase by 196 GW by 2040; however, the projection is for fewer coal plants and for a large increase in natural gas combined cycles (130 GW) and renewables (52 GW). Global installed capacity is projected to grow by 3,200 GW by 2040; of that 1,200 GW is expected to be in China. Approximately one-half of this total capacity growth is expected to be gas- or steam-turbine based. Dry cooling options are suited for arid regions, including the U.S. southwest, Middle East, and Africa. Successful R&D on dry cooling sCO2 cycles would increase siting options and may reduce costs associated with water access and rights. Because sCO2 power cycles offer advantages across a range of operating temperatures, sCO2 power cycles are being considered for next generation utility scale fossil fuel power generation, modular nuclear power generation, solar-thermal power generation, geothermal power, and industrial scale waste heat recovery. Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Power Cycles Summary Table 4.R.5 describes some of the challenges and desired outcomes for sCO2 Power Cycles, and Table 4.R.6 summarizes the State-of-the-Art, current R&D activities, and key R&D opportunities for these technologies. Table 4.R.5 Challenges and Desired Outcomes of sCO2 Power Cycles Major R&D Challenges Turbomachinery, heat exchanger, and balance-of-plant materials that can withstand 1300°F (700°C) to improve reliability and cycle efficiency Control of kinetics in direct-fired sCO2 environments with suppression of instabilities and undesired products to improve reliability of the system Identify system design for optimization of performance and cost Develop oxy-combustors for direct cycles to provide a direct-fired system Identify and model control strategies to optimize cycle performance for both indirect and direct-fired systems Integrate fossil energy heat sources for indirect cycles39 to allow integration with existing firing technologies Desired Outcomes Pilot testing of a pre-commercial 50 MWe scale sCO2 power cycle to demonstrate fully integrated, long term, and reliable operation. Specific objectives would be to demonstrate a thermal cycle efficiency (heat in/work out) of 50% or greater, explore long term material performance, demonstrate operational performance (start up, shut down, trips and other transients) and show progress toward a competitive COE for fossil energy, nuclear energy, and concentrating solar applications. sCO2 Power Cycles: Perform R&D on both direct and indirect sCO2 systems, including the development of turbomachinery, recuperators, and syngas oxy-fuel combustors. 19 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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