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TA 4.R: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Table 4.R.6 Technical Assessment and Opportunities of sCO2 Power Cycles sCO2 Power Cycles: Perform R&D on both direct and indirect sCO2 systems, including the development of turbomachinery, recuperators, and syngas oxy-fuel combustors. State-of-the-Art Current R&D Opportunities and Future Pathways System studies have shown efficiencies higher than USC steam with reduced plant size and simpler operation, suggesting the potential for a COE reduction. Further sCO2 power cycle and boiler optimization will be required to demonstrate a reduced COE for the sCO2 power cycle relative to coal based power generation using supercritical steam. Unique system features (e.g., compact turbo machinery), and the potential for lower cost and higher thermodynamic efficiency make sCO2 power cycles attractive for various heat sources including fossil, nuclear, and solar.40,41,42 There are sCO2 power cycle test loops in operation (e.g., Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corp., Sandia National Laboratories, Echogen Power Systems) and other DOE-funded test facilities in planning and/or construction phases.43,44,45 Endnotes Materials testing and characterization are being conducted for high temperature and pressure sCO2 operation. Develop components and technologies and scale them to 10MWe size as a next phase of development, and if successful, then to the next scale-up step to a 50 MWe system. Perform component testing and performance evaluation in the 10 MWe pilot test facility, to then be followed by scale-up to 50 MW and higher. Demonstrate cycle and component performance that will lead to large scale, highly efficient cycles. Measurement of thermodynamic (specific heat, density, and conductivity) and transport properties (viscosity) are being conducted to characterize the sCO2, and identify ideal CO2-water mixtures (10 – 20%)46,47 Systems studies are underway to establish optimum cycle operating conditions and boundary conditions for components.48 Design, construction, and testing of key components, including turbo expanders, compressors, recuperators, and primary heat exchangers, are underway for indirect sCO2 cycles as well as oxy-combustors for directly heated sCO2 cycles.49 1 Subbaraman, G., Mays, J.A., Jazayeri, B., Sprouse, K.M., Eastland, A.H., Ravishankar, S., and Sonwane, C.G., “Energy Systems, Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne, ZEPS Plant Model: A High Efficiency Power Cycle with Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Process,” 2nd Oxyfuel Combustion Conference, Queensland, Australia, September 2011, http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/OCC2/Abstracts/Abstract/ occ2Final00143.pdf 2 Kacludis, A., Lyons, S., Nadav, D., and Zdankiewicz, E., “Waste Heat to Power (WH2P) Applications Using a Supercritical CO2-Based Power Cycle”, Presented at Power-Gen International 2012, Orlando, FL, December 2012. 3 Shelton, W.W., Weiland, N., White, C., Plunkett, J., and Gray, D., “Oxy-Coal-Fired Circulating Fluid Bed Combustion with a Commercial Utility-Size Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle”, The 5th International Symposium - Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles, San Antonio, TX, March 29- 31, 2016, http://www.swri.org/4org/d18/sco2/papers2015/104.pdf 4 White, C., “Analysis of Brayton Cycles Utilizing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide - Revision 1”, DOE/NETL-4001/070114, In Preparation. See also: https://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/temp/AnalysisofBraytonCyclesUtilizingSupercriticalCarbonDioxide_070114.pdf 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 Lide, D., “Handbook of Chemistry and Physics”, 75th Edition, CRC Press, 1995. 8 Aspen Plus Version 8.8, AspenTech, HQ Aspen Technology, Inc., 20 Crosby Drive Bedford, Massachusetts 01730. 9 White, C., “Analysis of Brayton Cycles Utilizing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide - Revision 1”, DOE/NETL-4001/070114, In Preparation. See also: https://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/temp/AnalysisofBraytonCyclesUtilizingSupercriticalCarbonDioxide_070114.pdf 10 Wikimedia Commons web site for CO2 Phase Diagrams, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbon_dioxide_phase_diagrams#/ media/File:Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg 11 Engineers Edge web site, http://www.engineersedge.com/thermodynamics/critical_point.htm 12 White, C., “Analysis of Brayton Cycles Utilizing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide - Revision 1”, DOE/NETL-4001/070114, In Preparation. See also: https://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/temp/AnalysisofBraytonCyclesUtilizingSupercriticalCarbonDioxide_070114.pdf 20 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015 PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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