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2. Isentropic expansion (4 – 5). An isentropic expansion is adiabatic (the expander does not exchange heat with the environment) and reversible (no friction losses, no pressure drops, no leakage, ...). 3. Isobaric condensation (5 – 8). The heat exchanger can be subdivided into the desuperheating (56), the condensation (67) and the subcooling (78) zones. 4. Isentropic pump (8 – 1). The pumping cannot be seen on the Ts diagram, since in an isentropic compression on a liquid, dS = dT = 0. In the real cycle, the presence of irreversibilities lowers the cycle efficiency. These irreversibilities mainly occur: • During the expansion : Only a part of the energy recoverable from the pressure difference is transformed into useful work. The other part is converted into heat and is lost. The efficiency of the expander is defined by comparison with an isentropic expansion. • In the heat exchangers : The tortuous path taken by the working fluid in order to ensure a good heat exchange causes pressure drops, and lowers the amount of power recoverable from the cycle. • In the pump : electromechanical losses and internal leakage lead to irreversibilities that transform a part of the useful work into heat. Figure 5: Ts diagram for the ideal/real ORC cycle The amount of work that can be recovered from the cycle if the expander is adiabatic can be read on the diagrams : In the Ts diagram, if the vapor is a perfect gas : wexp=cp∗T4 –T5 In the ph diagram, wexp=h4−h5 The diagrams show that irreversibilities indeed reduce the amount of work that can be recovered. 12 Figure 6: ph diagram for the ideal/real ORC cyclePDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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