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V ̇ =V swept⋅rpm 60 The mass flow rate is related to the volume flow rate by the density of the fluid : M ̇ =su , exp⋅V ̇ Since the volume flow rate is imposed by the expander rotating speed, and since the mass flow rate is imposed by the pump, the vapor density is modulated to maintain continuity at steady state. The ideal gas law states that : su,exp= psu,exp r⋅273Tsu,exp The relative variation of (273 + T) is small compared to the relative variation of p encountered in usual working conditions. Therefore, in order for the density to be modulated, the pressure has to be modified. The expander supply pressure is thus imposed by the expander rotating speed for a given pump flow rate : reducing the expander rotating speed leads to a higher evaporating pressure. 3. Evaporator exhaust overheating The flow rate and the evaporating pressure being set by the pump and the expander, the total heat transfer across the evaporator is determined by the evaporator configuration and by the temperature and flow rate of the hot stream. This heat flux also imposes the overheating at the evaporator exhaust. 4. Condenser supply temperature The condenser supply temperature is the temperature of the fluid leaving the expander. This temperature is imposed by the expander efficiency and by the ambient heat losses of the expander. 5. Condenser exhaust subcooling In an ORC cycle, the mass of the fluid in vapor state is negligible compared to that of the liquid. Adding more fluid to the circuit increases the amount of liquid, and increases the level of liquid in the heat exchangers. If the evaporating conditions (pressure, overheating) are fixed, the liquid level in the evaporator remains more or less the same because the fluid needs a fixed heat exchanger area in order to become evaporated and overheating. In this case, increasing the refrigerant charge will increase the liquid level in the condenser only and increase the subcooling zone in the heat exchanger. The fluid will therefore have more exchange area to become subcooled. It can then be concluded that the condenser exhaust subcooling is imposed by the refrigerant charge. 6. Condensing pressure. The condenser supply temperature is imposed by the expander and the exhaust subcooling (=> temperature) is imposed by the refrigerant charge. The condenser heat flow rate is thus imposed. The condensing temperature is fixed by the pinch and the cooling fluid temperature at the pinch 18PDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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