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Energies 2020, 13, 6096 6 of 24 Table 1. Progresses in industrial waste heat recovery (WHR) research. Categories Contextualisation of industrial WHR WHR technologies Optimisation and modelling of industrial WHR Practical achievements of WHR implementation WHR-based industrial symbiosis Progresses Framework of WHR in industry contextualising opportunities, energy management, WHR technologies and industrial sectors. Description of WHR technologies applied in industry. Framework of smart energy systems and decision support tool development within the context of industrial WHR and the application of model-based approaches. Design and application of several technologies and the assessment of achievements of WHR implementation, namely energy savings, economic savings and return on investment. Framework of WHR within the practical implementation of industrial symbiosis, namely through the use of waste heat to fill demand at another industrial site or be integrated into district heating network. Reference [17,36–41] [42–72] [73–76] [77–80] [81–90] According to Papapetrou et al. [5], Jouhara et al. [17] and Bruckner et al. [90], WHR technologies may be classified following their temperature range: high temperature (HT), medium temperature (MT) and low temperature (LT) as detailed in Table 2. Each category is also differentiated according to the origin of the waste heat, following Jouhara et al. [17]. While HT technologies are applied directly in combustion processes, MT technologies are applied to reuse the waste heat from exhaust gases and LT technologies are applied to use the waste heat from the products and equipment. The share over the total waste heat presented in Table 2 corresponds to the representativity of low-grade, medium-grade and high-grade waste heat over the total waste heat potential in the EU (300 TWh/year) [5]. Table 2. Classification of WHR technologies. WHR Type High temperature (HT) Medium temperature (MT) Low temperature (LT) Temperature Range [5] Above 500 ◦C 200–500 ◦C Below 200 ◦C Temperature Range [17] Above 400 ◦C 100–400 ◦C Below 100 ◦C Origin of Waste Heat [17] Direct combustion processes Exhaust of combustion units Products and the equipment of process units Share Over Total Waste Heat [5,90] 42% 25% 33% 5. Energy Efficiency Technologies and Strategies in the Ceramic Sector The energy efficiency improvement opportunities in the ceramic sector include the optimisation of equipment performance, the use of material streams with considerable waste heat potential and the use of alternative fuels and renewable energy resources. Although opportunities are centred on processes of firing, drying and spray drying, improvement measures, in particular WHR technologies and strategies, may also be recovered from these processes to other thermal processes (such as boilers) and to produce electric energy. A summary on the progress of energy efficiency improvement in the ceramic sector focusing on WHR is presented in Table 3. The progress is categorised into energy efficiency improvement, the analysis of flow phenomena in thermal processes, modelling and the optimisation of thermal process and plants, the implementation of WHR strategies, WHR-based electricity generation, the use of alternative fuels and renewable energy resources and the application of water and energy integration.PDF Image | Ceramic Sector Focusing on Waste Heat Recovery
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