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Energies 2020, 13, 6096 13 of 24 Energies 2020, 13, 6096 13 of 24 5.3. Outer-Plant Technologies and Strategies In addition to plant-level measures, namely WHR strategies encompassing the recycling of amount of waste heat may be recovered to tunnel kilns or other processes within the plant, without the several streams may be applicable if there are significant remaining waste streams to furtherly risk of corrosion or foaming formation [22]. improve energy efficiency beyond by directly reducing fuel consumption. Such an approach is based on the application of technologies for the generation of electric energy and the combined heat and 5.3. Outer-Plant Technologies and Strategies power (CHP) generation [56]. These are methods of selection to increase the self-sufficiency of a plant [6]. InInthaidsdsietciotinonto, pthlaendt-elsecvreipl mtioenasoufrtews,onammeealsyuWresHwRhsitcrhatpegroiedsuecnecobmenpeafsitssintog btheeurseecdycilninoguotef rs-epvlearnatl asrtreeadmetsaimleday, nbaemaeplpylitcharboluegihf ttheeremaeraessuirgensifipcraensetnrteemdaininTgabwleas6t.eTshtreaamppsrtoacfuhretdhetrelcyhnimolporgoivese ceonnesrigdyereffithceieonrcgyanbiecyRoanndkbinyedciyrecclet—ly aresdyustceinmg sfiumeillcaor ntosuamCpltaiuosni.uSs–uRchanakninaeppcyroclaechsuiistabbalseefdoronlotwhe- garpapdleicahteiaotnsofutreccehsnaonlodg;igeassfoturrtbhiengeecnoegreantieornatoiofne—lecatrsiycsetnemergtyhatnpdrtohdeucoems bointhedhheaetataannddepleocwtreicr e(CneHrgPy) guesninegraatisoynst[e5m6].coTnhteasienianrgeamgeatshotudrsboinfes)e.lection to increase the self-sufficiency of a plant [6]. In this section, the description of two measures which produce benefits to be used in outer-plant are Table 6. Description of outer-plant technologies and strategies. detailed, namely through the measures presented in Table 6. The approached technologies consider the organic Rankine cycle—a system similar to a Clausius–Rankine cycle suitable for low-grade heat Measure Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Main Findings Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) due to the high availability of low-grade heat Gas turbine cogeneration sources (20% of overall applications of ORC) [134], such as the exhaust gas stream of ceramic kilns, the Gas tiumrpblienmeenctoagtioenoefrtahtiisosnysptermoidsuhicgehslyeolepcptoritcuneen. ergy and thermGalasetnuerbrginye c(owgehniecrhatmionapyrobdeuucesseedlecintritcheeneorgpyerations of at the entrance of the Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) unit (regenerative ORC); due to the high Payback time Main Findings sources and; gas turbine cogeneration—a system that produces both heat and electric energy using a Measure Energy and system containing a gas turbine). Technical Aspects Economic Reference Reference [22,58– 67,134] [22,58–67,134] [68– 72,135,136] [68–72,135,136] In Figure 7, the schematic of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC)and two gas turbine CHP installations (a) Figure 7. Cont. Aspects Table 6. Description of outer-plant technologies and strategies. It may have installed a regenerator to even further increase the system efficiency by transferring heat from the outlet gas stream from the turbine to the liquid stream Energy and Economic Technical Aspects of 4–5 years [22]. liquid stream at the entrance of the Heat recovery of cerstaemamicgeknielnrast,orth(HeRimSGp) luenmit e(rnegtaentieorantivoef OthRiCs);sysPteaymbaicsk time of 4–5 years [22]. Electric energy savings of 25%; 30% of availability of low-grade heat sources (20% of overall from the outlet gas stream from the turbine to the applications of ORC) [134], such as the exhaust gas stream highly opportune. Aspects It may have installed a regenerator to even further increase the system efficiency by transferring heat and thermal energy (which may be used in the Electric energy savings of 25%; Gas turbine cogeneration firing, drying and spray drying) [135,136]. fuel savings is presented. is presented. operations of firing, drying and spray 30% of fuel savings [68]. [68]. In Figure 7, the schematic of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC)and two gas turbine CHP installations drying) [135,136].PDF Image | Ceramic Sector Focusing on Waste Heat Recovery
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