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Energies 2020, 13, 6096 15 of 24 Table 7. Description of future goals and its association to EU and national-level policies. Policies European Green Deal [169] EN-H2: the National Strategy for Hydrogen in Portugal [171] 6. Conclusions Framework of Future Goals A roadmap developed by the European Commission for 2019–2024, aiming to promote circular economy, sustainability, and reach the objectives for the 2050 long-term strategy [169]; in line with this deal, two sets of strategies were conceptualised: energy system integration and hydrogen strategy [170]; the energy system integration is based on the promotion of the circularity of the energy systems (for instance, with the reuse of waste heat from industrial sites and the energy produced from the application of waste-to-energy technologies) and the promotion of clean fuel use (such as including renewable hydrogen, sustainable biofuels and biogas) [170]; the hydrogen strategy is based on a gradual transition of the use of hydrogen use between 2020 and 2030, aimed at the renewable hydrogen technologies to reach maturity within the timeframe of 2030 and 2050 [170]. The strategy in Portugal to promote the use of hydrogen to increase energy transition and enforce it in the national economy, aligned with the objectives of the European Green Deal [171]; the overall aims for the use of H2 consist of the enforcement of the use of renewable energy resources, the increase in the resilience of the energy system and the increase in decarbonisation [171]; in the context of industry, it is aimed to promote a representativity of 2–5% use of H2 on the overall energy consumption for 2030 and 20–25% for 2050 [171]. In this paper, several technologies and strategies for energy efficiency improvement on the ceramic industry are presented: • At the equipment level, several WHR technologies and strategies are applicable for the improvement of firing, drying and spray drying operations, such as the application of high efficiency burners (typical fuel savings of 50–60% for regenerative burners) and airless drying (typical thermal energy savings of 20–50%), in addition to the application of alternative fuels and improvement in ceramic material design; • At plant-level implementation, there is great potential for measures such as hot air recycling from kilns to other processes (low associated payback time for implementation) and the use of dry routes instead of wet routes in raw material preparation (associated 78% of thermal energy savings and 36% reduction in electric energy savings), in addition to the use of renewable energy resources (such as CSP); • At the outer-plant level, technologies and strategies, two main applications were presented: electricity production systems, namely the organic Rankine cycle (with an associated payback time of 4–5 years) and gas turbine CHP (with associated typical 25% electric energy savings and 30% fuel savings). Throughout the paper, gaps regarding the existence of specific studies were also identified. These are mostly associated to techno-economic limitations, for instance: • The practice of hot air recycling is generally favoured relatively to the installation of heat exchangers—higher investment costs and the problem of corrosion by the passing of exhaust gases and; as most of the performed studies focus on hot air recycling, with a verifiable lack of studies for the application of several types of heat exchangers; • Despite the potential of industrial symbiosis encompassing this sector, namely regarding WHR, a lack of existing studies on the assessment of energy efficiency improvement caused by the implementation of an industrial symbiosis-based measure is observed.PDF Image | Ceramic Sector Focusing on Waste Heat Recovery
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