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Energies 2020, 13, 4014 8 of 18 Figure 5. Mean standard enthalpy of formation per bond as a function of the bond number in a molecule for some different compounds. The values of ∆f H0 are taken from [32] and from the data bank of [33]. Titanium tetrachloride TiCl4 and sulfur hexafluoride SF6 are also reported in Figure5. Titanium tetrachloride is a compound that is considered as a possible working fluid in Rankine cycles at high temperatures, as it is industrially produced according a well known process at 700 to 1000 ◦C [34–36]. Sulfur hexafluoride is considered to be thermally very stable at least up to 400 to 600 ◦C [37] (p. 30). In the following, for all the Rankine cycles, we assumed a maximum temperature T3 of 350 ◦C, which represents a good compromise between the thermal stability limit for organic compounds and a reasonably good heat recovery factor. Figure 6 reports the thermodynamic performances of the Rankine cycles operating with all the working fluids considered here. The considered steam cycle is a standard superheated cycle (at temperature T3), without feedwater heaters but with a deaerating heater at 5 bar. In the case of steam, a maximum total efficiency η of about 0.15isreachedattheevaporationpressureof20bar,withaturbineexpansionratiorT =rT =P3/P1 of 146. Refrigerant R134a and propane have approximately the same global performance, and perfluoro-butane performs worse. (a) (b) Figure 6. Cycle thermodynamic efficiency and total efficiency as a function of the maximum cycle pressure for all the considered working fluids: (a) cycle efficiency, (b) total efficiency. The best performances in terms of total efficiency are obtained by dichloro-methane and methanol. In Figure 7, two cycles with dichloro-methane and methanol are reported in the T–S thermodynamicPDF Image | CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat Recovery
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