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Energies 2020, 13, 4014 9 of 18 plane, respectively. Thanks to the small molecular complexity, both fluids do not require a recuperator, and the heat recovery factor is therefore very high. The two cycles show basically the same thermodynamic performance, but the smaller σ parameter for methanol yields a final expansion in the two-phase region (with a vapor quality of about 0.9). Figure 7. Thermodynamic cycles with dichloro-methane and with methanol in the T-S thermodynamic plane. In Figure 8, cycles operating with dichloro-methane and perfluoro-butane in optimized conditions are presented in the temperature–dimensionless transferred power plane. The high molecular complexity of perfluoro-butane (σ ≈ 13) produces a reduced cooling of the vapor during the expansion, requiring the use of a large recuperator (Q ̇ R/W ̇ T = 4.7). As a consequence, TH2 is relatively high (285.34 ◦C) and φ is rather low (0.428). This result again supports the general thermodynamic convenience of resorting to working fluids with a low molecular complexity to recover energy from waste heat resources, unless the residual heat can be used for different purposes; for example, to preheat combustion air. (a) (b) Figure 8. Two Rankine cycles with different working fluids in the plane of temperature–dimensionless transferred power: (a) dichloro-methane, (b) perfluoro-butane. In this application, considering its global performance, environmental properties in Table 3 and predictably good thermal stability (see Figure 5), the refrigerant R134a seems to represent the best compromise among all of the potential different working fluids considered here. Therefore, in the following section, the thermodynamic performances of mixtures of R134a and carbon dioxide will be investigated.PDF Image | CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat Recovery
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