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Energies 2020, 13, 4014 14 of 18 Figure 12. Binary interaction for different binary mixtures of carbon dioxide. The symbols correspond to the value of k1,2 for the Peng–Robinson equation of state, regressed on experimental data, as available in the literature. 5. Conclusions This study focused on the analysis of carbon dioxide mixture working fluids as an alternative to organic fluids, steam and pure carbon dioxide for high-temperature heat recovery in power plants. In order to explore this concept, a comparative analysis was carried out with transcritical Rankine cycles with organic working fluids, a standard superheated steam cycle, supercritical carbon dioxide cycle and transcritical cycles operating with carbon dioxide mixtures. Flue gases at a temperature of 450 ◦C and a mass flow of 100 kg s−1 were employed as the heat source for all thermodynamic cycles. For Rankine cycles, a high critical temperature, low value of molecular complexity and high molecular weight were the three important prerequisites considered in this study for the choice of the working fluids. Therefore, eight working fluids including both lower and higher values of molecular complexity were considered to evaluate the effect of variations in fluid properties on cycle expansion ratios, heat transfer in recuperators, cycle thermal efficiency and total efficiency. Salient points resulting from this study are summarized as follows: • In simple recuperative carbon dioxide cycles, the total efficiency is improved by a comparatively high expansion ratio and low maximum temperature. The opposite occurs in the case of cycle thermodynamic efficiency. However, as a general rule, simple carbon dioxide cycles are ineffective at recovering heat, unless a high fraction of the residual heat in the source could be used in other ways (to preheat combustion air, for example). • The results of Rankine cycles with pure organic working fluids show that the heat recovery efficiencies are remarkably better than those of the simple supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles. In relation to the considered specific application, working fluids with a low molecular complexity are to be preferred. • Based on its acceptable global thermodynamic performance and presumably good thermal stability, R134a is investigated as an example of a dopant for the design of carbon dioxide mixtures. Thus, the critical points and P–T envelopes of CO2-R134a mixtures were calculated at different molar compositions, which helped us to determine the composition of the mixture at the designed condensation temperature and pressure. • A transcritical power cycle operating with CO2-R134a mixtures showed an appreciable increase in cycle efficiencies as compared to simple supercritical carbon dioxide cycles at all maximum cycle pressures. In the case of the CO2-R134a mixture corresponding to the 0.3 mole fraction of R134a, a total efficiency of about 0.15 was obtained at a maximum cycle pressure of 200 bar, compared toPDF Image | CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat Recovery
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