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Molecules 2017, 22, 403 11 of 21 In their second work on the topic, Dai et al. applied supercritical carbon dioxide as an extraction medium for the investigation of the extraction temperature and pressure (15 to 35 MPa), temperature (30 to 50 °C) [164]. The electrolytes were again adsorbed on a separator and investigated regarding the pressure (15–35 MPa), the temperature (30 to 50 °C) and the dynamical extraction time (25 to 65 min). Afterwards, the extract was analyzed with GC-FID (flame ionization detector) (Figures 11 and 12). The effect of the extraction pressure was examined using five levels from 15 to 35 MPa. The overall extraction yield was enhanced with higher pressures. This was attributed to the increased EC extraction yield under higher pressures due to the high polarity of supercritical CO2. Figure 11. Compositions of the extracts corresponding to values obtained by gas chromatography—flame ionization detector (GC-FID) measurements. Green, top: EC; crimson, middle: EMC; blue, bottom: DMC [164]. The effect of temperature was investigated in a similar way (5 levels from 30 to 50 °C). Here, the temperature showed the same trend: with raising temperature, the overall extraction yield was increased. However, the extraction of EC was contradictory to the pressure experiments. The polarity of the supercritical carbon dioxide was reduced with higher temperatures; thus, Dai et al. [164] concluded that the polarity played a more important role than the supercritical fluid density. Figure 12. Compositions of the extracts corresponding to GC-FID measurements. Green, top: EC; crimson, middle: EMC; blue, bottom: DMC [164]. The overall highest recovery rate was reported as 88.71 ± 0.87 wt % but only in regard to the organic carbonate solvents. The conducting salt and aging products were not reported. As a conclusion of the extraction pressure and temperature experiments, they showed that the extraction process of carbonate is a predominantly determined by polarity. Furthermore, nonpolar carbonates should be extracted with non-polar or weakly polar extraction media. In comparison, polar carbonatesPDF Image | CO2 for Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery
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