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Molecules 2017, 22, 403 13 of 21 consumption, the amount of organic SEI components increased and PC could co-intercalate, thus leading to a poorer performing SEI for the cells cycled at 20 °C compared to those cells at 45 °C. Figure 13. GC-MS investigations on the electrolyte of a fresh cell extracted with supercritical CO2 (a); and comparisons of fresh and aged electrolytes at significant retention times (b,c). It was reproduced from reference [165] with permission from Elsevier, 2017. 8. Conclusions Contrary to previous reports, the role of CO2 as an extraction medium is important in general and very promising for future applications as LIB cell extraction. For the sake of more refined post-mortem and aging analyses of LIB cell components, the quantitative extraction with subcritical/liquid and supercritical CO2 holds the advantage that there is no loss of information due to dilution factors (which occurs with regular solvents) or by missing compounds that could not be extracted due to polarity/non-polarity of the target compounds. Since the numbers of used portable consumer products rise enormously and, more important, xEVs are penetrating the market in greater and greater quantities, new strategies are needed. Especially recycling, as growing application and research field in a holistic treatment of lithium ion batteries relies on novel, more effective and efficient process techniques such as CO2 extraction. Together with a strict legislation on the recycling rate and the decreasing availability of the raw battery materials, the enormous growth rates in used LIBs will become most significant for further growth in importance of this processing technique. Acknowledgments: We kindly acknowledge the Federal Ministry of Education and Research for funding the Project Elektrolytlabor (project grant number: 03X4632) and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety for funding of the project LithoRec II (project grant number: 16EM1025). Author Contributions: S.N. wrote the paper with input and editing from M.W.PDF Image | CO2 for Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery
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