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Molecules 2017, 22, 403 14 of 21 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Wagner, R.; Preschitschek, N.; Passerini, S.; Leker, J.; Winter, M. Current research trends and prospects among the various materials and designs used in lithium-based batteries. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2013, 43, 481–496. 2. Winter, M.; Brodd, R.J. What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors? Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4245–4270. 3. Bieker, P.; Winter, M. Lithium-Ionen-Technologie und was danach kommen könnte. Chem. Unserer Zeit 2016, 50, 172–186. 4. Meister, P.; Jia, H.; Li, J.; Kloepsch, R.; Winter, M.; Placke, T. Best Practice: Performance and Cost Evaluation of Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials with Special Emphasis on Energy Efficiency. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 7203–7217. 5. Current Calendar Year Monthly Average Settlement Prices (30 June 2015). The London Metal Exchange Limited. London, UK. Available online: http://www.lme.com/~/media/Files/Market%20data/Historic%20 Data/2015/June%202015.xlsx (accessed on 2 April 2016). 6. Sonoc, A.; Jeswiet, J. A Review of Lithium Supply and Demand and a Preliminary Investigation of a Room Temperature Method to Recycle Lithium Ion Batteries to Recover Lithium and Other Materials. Procedia CIRP 2014, 15, 289–293. 7. Reuter, M.; Hudson, C.; Van Schaik, A.; Heiskanen, K.; Meskers, C.; Hagelüken, C. Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure; United Nations Environment Programme: Paris, France, 2013; pp. 1–320. 8. Gruber, P.W.; Medina, P.A.; Keoleian, G.A.; Kesler, S.E.; Everson, M.P.; Wallington, T.J. Global lithium availability. J. Ind. Ecol. 2011, 15, 760–775. 9. Perez, A.A.; Safirova, E.; Anderson, S.T. The Mineral Industries of Europe and Central Eurasia; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, USA, 2014; pp. 1–34. 10. Battery-Kutter News. Available online: https://www.battery-kutter.de/main/news_detail&nid=52 (accessed on 28 January 2017). 11. Directive 2006/66/EC on Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators; The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2006; Volume L 266/1. 12. Directive 2012/19/EU on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE); The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2012; Volume L 197/38. 13. Directive 2000/53/EC on End-of Life Vehicles; The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2000; Volume L 269/34. 14. Vetter, J.; Novák, P.; Wagner, M.; Veit, C.; Möller, K.-C.; Besenhard, J.; Winter, M.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M.; Vogler, C.; Hammouche, A. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2005, 147, 269–281. 15. Garche, J.; Dyer, C.K.; Moseley, P.T.; Ogumi, Z.; Rand, D.A.; Scrosati, B. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 1 ed.; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2013; p. 4538. 16. Börner, M.; Friesen, A.; Grützke, M.; Stenzel, Y.; Brunklaus, G.; Haetge, J.; Nowak, S.; Schappacher, F.; Winter, M. Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2017, 342, 382–392. 17. Grützke, M.; Kraft, V.; Hoffmann, B.; Klamor, S.; Diekmann, J.; Kwade, A.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Aging investigations of a lithium-ion battery electrolyte from a field-tested hybrid electric vehicle. J. Power Sources 2015, 273, 83–88. 18. Kraft, V.; Grützke, M.; Weber, W.; Menzel, J.; Wiemers-Meyer, S.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Two-dimensional ion chromatography for the separation of ionic organophosphates generated in thermally decomposed lithium hexafluorophosphate-based lithium ion battery electrolytes. J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1409, 201–209. 19. Grützke, M.; Kraft, V.; Weber, W.; Wendt, C.; Friesen, A.; Klamor, S.; Winter, M.; Nowak, S. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 94, 216–222. 20. Fleischhammer, M.; Waldmann, T.; Bisle, G.; Hogg, B.-I.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2015, 274, 432–439. 21. Gachot, G.; Grugeon, S.; Eshetu, G.G.; Mathiron, D.; Ribière, P.; Armand, M.; Laruelle, S. Thermal behaviour of the lithiated-graphite/electrolyte interface through GC/MS analysis. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 83, 402–409.PDF Image | CO2 for Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery
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