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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose of Report This report presents the opportunities for combined heat and power (CHP) applications in the municipal wastewater treatment sector, and it documents the experiences of wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) operators who have employed CHP. It is intended to be used by CHP project developers; WWTF operators; state and local government policymakers; and other parties interested in exploring the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of CHP at WWTFs. Key Findings • CHP is a reliable, cost-effective option for WWTFs that have, or are planning to install, anaerobic digesters. The biogas flow from the digester can be used as fuel to generate electricity and heat in a CHP system using a variety of prime movers, such as reciprocating engines, microturbines, or fuel cells. The thermal energy produced by the CHP system is then typically used to meet digester heat loads and for space heating. A well-designed CHP system using biogas offers many benefits for WWTFs because it: ― Produces power at a cost below retail electricity. ― Displaces purchased fuels for thermal needs. ― May qualify as a renewable fuel source under state renewable portfolio standards and utility green power programs. ― Enhances power reliability for the plant. ― Produces more useful energy than if the WWTF were to use biogas solely to meet digester heat loads. ― Reduces emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants, primarily by displacing utility grid power. • While many WWTFs have implemented CHP, the potential still exists to use more CHP based on technical and economic benefits. As of June 2011, CHP systems using biogas were in place at 104 WWTFs, representing 190 megawatts (MW) of capacity. CHP is technically feasible at 1,351 additional sites and economically attractive (i.e., payback of seven years or less) at between 257 and 662 of those sites.1 • The CHP technical potential is based on the following engineering rules of thumb: ― A typical WWTF processes 100 gallons per day of wastewater for every person served2, and approximately 1.0 cubic foot (ft3) of digester gas can be produced by an anaerobic digester per person per day.3 1 A range is presented due to uncertainties in the data available for WWTFs, making it difficult to support a single, national economic potential. 2 Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers, “Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities (Ten-State Standards),” 2004. 3 Metcalf & Eddy, “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition,” 2003. ivPDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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