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2.0 CHP and Its Benefits at Wastewater Treatment Facilities CHP is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat from a single fuel source, such as natural gas, biomass, biogas, coal, or oil. CHP is not a single technology, but an energy system that can be modified depending on the needs of the energy end user. CHP systems consist of a number of individual components configured into an integrated whole. These components include the prime mover, generator, heat recovery equipment, and electrical interconnection. The prime mover that drives the overall system typically identifies the CHP system. Prime movers for CHP systems include reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, steam turbines, microturbines, and fuel cells.8 CHP plays an important role in meeting U.S. energy needs as well as in reducing the environmental impact of power generation. Regardless of sector or application, CHP benefits include: • Efficiency benefits. CHP requires less fuel than separate heat and power generation to produce a given energy output. CHP also avoids transmission and distribution losses that occur when electricity travels over power lines from central generating units. • Reliability benefits. CHP can provide high-quality electricity and thermal energy to a site regardless of what might occur on the power grid, decreasing the impact of outages and improving power quality for sensitive equipment. • Environmental benefits. Because less fuel is burned to produce each unit of energy output, CHP reduces emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. • Economic benefits. CHP can save facilities considerable money on their energy bills due to its high efficiency, and it can provide a hedge against unstable energy costs. CHP has been successfully implemented in many different sectors, including WWTFs. CHP at WWTFs can take several forms, including anaerobic digester gas-fueled CHP; non-biogas fueled CHP (e.g., natural gas); heat recovery from a sludge incinerator that can drive an organic rankine cycle system; and a combined heat and mechanical power system (e.g., an engine-driven pump or blower with heat recovery). The analysis presented in this report is based on CHP fueled by anaerobic digester gas (biogas), and it focuses on WWTFs that already have, or are planning to install, anaerobic digesters. Biogas produced by anaerobic digesters can be used as fuel in various prime movers—typically reciprocating engines, microturbines, and fuel cells—to generate heat and power in a CHP system. The electric power produced can offset all or most of a WWTF’s power demand, and the thermal energy produced by the CHP system can be used to meet digester heat loads and, in some cases, for space heating. It should be noted that CHP is one of several beneficial uses of biogas generated by WWTF anaerobic digesters, and each WWTF must assess its own site-specific technical, economic, and environmental considerations to determine the best use of its biogas. Other, non-CHP uses of biogas include: • Digester gas for heat. WWTFs can use digester gas in a boiler to provide digester heating and/or provide space heating for buildings on site. 8 Information about CHP prime movers, including cost and performance characteristics, can be found in the “Catalog of CHP Technologies.” Available at: http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/catalog.html. 3PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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