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4.0 Technical and Economic Potential This section presents the technical and economic potential for CHP at WWTFs. The analyses focus on WWTFs that operate anaerobic digesters. In the technical potential subsection, this report presents an estimate of CHP electric capacity and thermal generation based on WWTF influent flow. Owners and operators of WWTFs can compare their influent flow to this estimate to approximate the CHP system size that may be possible at their facility. The economic potential subsection presents cost-to-generate estimates for various CHP prime movers under several digester gas utilization cases. Owners and operators of WWTFs can compare these cost to-generate estimates to current electricity rates to determine whether CHP might make sense at their facility. In addition, the report provides national estimates of both technical and economic potential based on 2008 CWNS data, as well as an estimate for potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reductions associated with meeting the national technical potential. The technical and economic estimates presented in this section serve as indicators of CHP potential at WWTFs, but every WWTF considering CHP will need to complete its own site-specific technical and economic analysis to assess the viability of CHP. 4.1 Technical Potential for CHP at Wastewater Treatment Facilities Section 4.1.1 discusses the assumptions and methodology used in the technical potential analysis. Section 4.1.2 presents the relationship between influent flow and electric and thermal generation potential with CHP. Section 4.1.3 presents the national technical potential estimate for CHP at WWTFs. Section 4.1.4 presents the potential carbon dioxide emissions benefits associated with meeting the national technical CHP potential. 4.1.1 Methodology To determine the electric and thermal energy generation technical potential for CHP at WWTFs, the analysis modeled the fuel produced and heating required by a typically sized digester. The following assumptions were used to develop the model: • Digester type. There are two types of conventional anaerobic digestion processes―mesophilic and thermophilic―and they are distinguished by the temperature at which they operate. Most anaerobic digesters operate at mesophilic temperatures between 95 and 100°F. Thermophilic digesters operate at temperatures between 124 and 138°F. The thermophilic process is usually faster due to the higher operating temperature but is usually more expensive because of higher energy demands.16 Because most digesters in operation today are mesophilic, the analysis presented here assumes the use of a mesophilic digester. • Flow rate. The digester model used in the analysis has an influent flow rate of 9.1 MGD, which is based on the sludge capacity of a typically sized digester. A wastewater flow rate of 9.1 MGD produces roughly 91,000 standard cubic feet (ft3) of biogas per day, which has an energy content of 58.9 million British thermal units per day (MMBtu/day).17 16 Metcalf & Eddy, “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition,” 2003. 17 Biogas generation was calculated based on 100 gallons of wastewater flow per day per capita (Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers, “Recommended Standards 9PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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