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Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 18 4. Results and Discussions Energies 2020, 13, 6163 11 of 18 4.1. Effect of Stack Temperature 4. Results and Discussion In order to check the performance change according to the operating temperature and current density of the stack, the performance curves for each operating temperature (433 K, 443 K, 453 K, 4.1. Effect of Stack Temperature 463 K) and current density (0~0.5 A/cm2) were verified. As shown in Figure 6a, as the temperature In order to check the performance change according to the operating temperature and current increased, the stack’s single cell voltage and efficiency increased as well because of the decrease in density of the stack, the performance curves for each operating temperature (433 K, 443 K, 453 K, the cell activation overpotential. In addition, it tended to decrease when the current density 463 K) and current density (0~0.5 A/cm2) were verified. As shown in Figure 6a, as the temperature increased. Furthermore, the stack electric power and thermal power showed a tendency to increase increased, the stack’s single cell voltage and efficiency increased as well because of the decrease in the as the current density increased, but the percentage of increase in the electric power decreased cell activation overpotential. In addition, it tended to decrease when the current density increased. although the percentage of increase in the thermal power increased. As the temperature of the stack Furthermore, the stack electric power and thermal power showed a tendency to increase as the increased, the stack electric power increased thanks to the increase in power efficiency, whereas the current density increased, but the percentage of increase in the electric power decreased although stack thermal power decreased. When the current density was 0.1 A/cm2 and 0.4 A/cm2 at a stack the percentage of increase in the thermal power increased. As the temperature of the stack increased, temperature of 433 K, the single cell voltage was 0.66 V and 0.47 V, the stack power efficiency was the stack electric power increased thanks to the increase in power efficiency, whereas the stack thermal 53.7% and 38.1%, the stack electric power was 17.6 kW and 50 kW, and the stack thermal power power decreased. When the current density was 0.1 A/cm2 and 0.4 A/cm2 at a stack temperature of was 15.2 kW and 81.3 kW. 433 K, the single cell voltage was 0.66 V and 0.47 V, the stack power efficiency was 53.7% and 38.1%, the stack electric power was 17.6 kW and 50 kW, and the stack thermal power was 15.2 kW and 81.3 kW. (a) (b) FFigiguurere6.. HT-PEMFC peerrffoorrmaanncceecucurvreveacaccocrodridnigntgo tsotasctkatcekmtpemerapteurraetuarnedacnudrrecnutrdrentsidtye.n(sai)tyS.in(ga)le Scinelgllveocletlalgveoaltnadgestanckd pstoawckerpeoffiwceireenfcfyic;i(ebn)cSyt;a(cbk) eSlteactkrieclpecotwriecrpaonwdetrhaenrmd athl epromwaelrp. ower. 4.2. Effect of Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate in the ORC System 4.2. Effect of Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate in the ORC System The performance change was analyzed by applying the evaporator model configured to calculate The performance change was analyzed by applying the evaporator model configured to the performance according to the mass flow rate of R245fa, the working fluid of the ORC system, calculate the performance according to the mass flow rate of R245fa, the working fluid of the ORC and the heat exchange amount of the evaporator. The evaporator pressure was selected as 12 bar system, and the heat exchange amount of the evaporator. The evaporator pressure was selected as considering the temperature level of the waste heat of the stack, and the condenser pressure was 12 bar considering the temperature level of the waste heat of the stack, and the condenser pressure selected as 2.2 bar considering the extreme summer outdoor temperature. Moreover, the flow rate was selected as 2.2 bar considering the extreme summer outdoor temperature. Moreover, the flow of the heat source (stack coolant, TEG) in which the superheat of the evaporator satisfies 5 K was rate of the heat source (stack coolant, TEG) in which the superheat of the evaporator satisfies 5 K calculated according to the corresponding inlet temperatures of 428 K, 448 K, and 468 K. was calculated according to the corresponding inlet temperatures of 428 K, 448 K, and 468 K. As shown in Figure 7a, as the mass flow rate of R245fa increased, the ORC net power increased As shown in Figure 7a, as the mass flow rate of R245fa increased, the ORC net power increased linearly by the power consumption of the expander and the power consumption of the refrigerant linearly by the power consumption of the expander and the power consumption of the refrigerant pump. Although there was a change in performance according to the mass flow rate of the working pump. Although there was a change in performance according to the mass flow rate of the working fluid, the efficiency of the ORC system was relatively constant at about 7.69%, because all the conditions fluid, the efficiency of the ORC system was relatively constant at about 7.69%, because all the satisfied 5 K of superheat. In addition, as shown in Figure 7c, since the mass flow rate of the heat conditions satisfied 5 K of superheat. In addition, as shown in Figure 7c, since the mass flow rate of source (TEG) side where the superheat of the evaporator satisfies 5 K required a higher heat transfer the heat source (TEG) side where the superheat of the evaporator satisfies 5 K required a higher coefficient as the inlet temperature of the heat source decreased, the mass flow rate increased. For the heat transfer coefficient as the inlet temperature of the heat source decreased, the mass flow rate R245fa mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s, the TEG-required mass flow rate was a maximum of 0.83 kg/s. increased. For the R245fa mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s, the TEG-required mass flow rate was a maximum of 0.83 kg/s.PDF Image | Combined Power Generation System Based on HT-PEMFC and ORC
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