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energies Article Conceptual Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft Julian Hoelzen 1, Yaolong Liu 2,* ID , Boris Bensmann 1,*, Christopher Winnefeld 1, Ali Elham 3, Jens Friedrichs 4 and Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach 1 1 2 3 4 * Correspondence: yaolong.liu@tu-braunschweig.de (Y.L.); boris.bensmann@ifes.uni-hannover.de (B.B.); Tel.: +49-531-391-66662 (Y.L.); +49-511-762-14404 (B.B.) Received: 15 December 2017; Accepted: 12 January 2018; Published: 16 January 2018 Abstract: Ambitious targets to reduce emissions caused by aviation in the light of an expected ongoing rise of the air transport demand in the future drive the research of propulsion systems with lower CO2 emissions. Regional hybrid electric aircraft (HEA) powered by conventional gas turbines and battery powered electric motors are investigated to test hybrid propulsion operation strategies. Especially the role of the battery within environmentally friendly concepts with significantly reduced carbon footprint is analyzed. Thus, a new simulation approach for HEA is introduced. The main findings underline the importance of choosing the right power-to-energy-ratio of a battery according to the flight mission. The gravimetric energy and power density of the electric storages determine the technologically feasibility of hybrid concepts. Cost competitive HEA configurations are found, but do not promise the targeted CO2 emission savings, when the well-to-wheel system is regarded with its actual costs. Sensitivity studies are used to determine external levers that favor the profitability of HEA. Keywords: hybrid electric aircraft; overall aircraft design; propulsion design; battery strategy; regional aircraft; wingtip propellers 1. Introduction In recent years, there has been increased attention towards new and more efficient technologies in the aviation landscape. The European Union (EU) Commission, aviation related member organizations and industry players created a vision, the Flightpath 2050, for future research agendas in this field. All of these members agreed to reduce global carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and noise emissions. In 2050, aircraft should pollute 75% less CO2, 90% less NOx and 65% less noise [1]. The percentages are related to a reference emission scenario in the year 2000. This is challenged by a tremendously increasing air transportation demand [2,3]. These goals shall be mainly achieved by increasing aerodynamic and propulsion system efficiencies, but also by optimized Air Traffic Management (ATM), infrastructural operations and non-infrastructure related airline operations. Many research initiatives tackle this challenge and analyze new propulsion concepts for aircraft. Most authors identify the battery as the main critical parameter Institute of Electric Power Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hanover, Germany; julian.hoelzen@kabelmail.de (J.H.); christopher.winnefeld@ifes.uni-hannover.de (C.W.); hanke-rauschenbach@ifes.uni-hannover.de (R.H.-R.) Aeronautics Research Centre Niedersachsen (NFL), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 42, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Institute of Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 35, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany; a.elham@tu-braunschweig.de Institute of Jet Propulsion and Turbomachinery, TU Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 37, 38108 Brunswick, Germany; j.friedrichs@ifas.tu-bs.de Energies 2018, 11, 217; doi:10.3390/en11010217 www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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