PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
Energies 2018, 11, 217 13 of 26 Figure 5. OAD parameters in case of Battery 2 (0.65 kWh/kg, 1 kW/kg): MTOW in kg for (a) Hybrid electric aircrafts (HP from 0.1 to 0.9); (b) all degrees of hybridization (exemplary λBat); (c) Wing span in m. 4.1.3. Impact on Figures of Merit The battery weight and the MTOW affect the figures of merit. The fuel burn, which is directly proportional to the tank-to-wheel CO2 emissions and the cost competiveness are investigated in Figure 6a. The heat map represents the fuel burn and the contour lines show the DOC per flight. The fuel burn decreases with higher HP and higher strategy parameters, when the battery is sized to substitute maximum fuel energy. In the FEA case, no emissions are polluted during flight. No major fuel burn reductions are achievable for λBat < 0.4 and HP < 0.8, when the battery is not fully exploited and additional fuel has to be carried on board. The DOC per flight contour lines are characterized with a similar pattern comparable with the heat map of the MTOW (Figure 5a). An optimal battery strategy can be determined for every HP of the HEA configurations to minimize the costs (exemplary highlighted as red dots in Figure 6a). Operational costs increase with a higher hybridization. RTP-0.1-0.25 is the only HEA configuration that causes no DOC increase and a fuel burn reduction of 8%. The FEA causes 48% higher expenditures per flight (+1854 EUR). Whereas 30% fuel burn reduction cause a DOC growth of 5% for RTP-0.45-0.35. RTP-0.75-0.35 leads to emission savings of 48%, but a cost increase of 10%. The results underline that for HEA the most fuel efficient and cost competitive configurations correlate with the exploitation of the battery. Hence, an operation strategy as maximum power peak shaving does not lead to the best result.PDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
PDF Search Title:
Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric AircraftOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-11-00217-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)