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Energies 2018, 11, 217 19 of 26 the initiative “Niedersächsisches Vorab”. Furthermore, the work was supported by Airbus Operations. We are grateful for the fruitful discussions with Daniel Reckzeh, Lars Joergensen, Peter Rostek, Detlev Konigorski, Kristof Risse and Giorgio Bona. They provided important input in workshops to understand the scope of hybrid electric propulsion in aviation and the relevance of hybrid strategies. The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Universität Hannover. Author Contributions: Julian Hoelzen carried out the analysis and wrote main parts of the manuscript. Yaolong Liu is responsible for the simulation of the hybrid aircraft design in Section 3. Christopher Winnefeld contributed to the battery model and elaboration of the battery strategy. Boris Bensmann analyzed the results as well as conceived and elaborated the objective of the study together with Julian Hoelzen. Ali Elham, Jens Friedrichs and Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach contributed by drafting and critical revisions. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Nomenclature Abbreviations ATM Air traffic management DOC Direct operating costs DoH Degree of hybridization FEA Full electric aircraft HEA Hybrid electric aircraft HTS High-temperature superconducting LTO Landing and takeoff MDO Multidisciplinary design optimization MTOW Maximum takeoff weight OAD Overall aircraft design OEI One engine inoperative OWE Operating weight empty P/E-ratio Power-to-energy-ratio PMAD Power management and distribution PSFC Power specific fuel consumption RTP Regional turboprop SOC State of charge Symbols HP Degree of hybridization P0 Sea level maximum power PBat Battery power PEM Electric motor power PGT Gas turbine power λBat Battery strategy parameter ηElec Efficiency of total electric propulsion system σ Air density ratio Appendix A Airlines and aircraft manufacturers challenge the profitability of their aircraft fleet by calculating direct operating costs (DOC). The DOC model, which is implemented in the simulation tool is introduced. Each value is calculated in Euros that equal the price level of 2016. A DOC model, its main equations and values are taken from Bardenhagen and Gobbin [45]. HEA cost modifications and their values are highlighted. Appendix A.1. Total DOC The yearly DOC per aircraft consists of energy, crew, maintenance, capital costs, airport and ATM fees: DOCTotal,yearly = DOCEnergy + DOCCrew + DOCMa + DOCCap + DOCFees (A1)PDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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