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Energies 2018, 11, 217 20 of 26 For its calculation the flight cycles (FC) per year are required. The potential yearly operating time is 8760 h. Checks and repairs cause a yearly forced downtime of 11.4 days [63]. In the remaining 353.6 days of operation, a night curfew between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. is valid for most airports. A regional aircraft with a flight time of approximately 85 min, a push back & taxi time of 20 min and a turn-around time of 45 min is able to operate six flights per day. This is consistent to the findings of Bradley and Droney [50] for the average departures of a regional aircraft. In total 2121 flight cycles can be flown with such an aircraft per year Appendix A.2. Energy Fuel and electricity costs are calculated taking the fuel burn (FB) in kg, the fuel price (pFuel) in EUR/kg, the required battery energy (EBat) in kWh and the electricity price (pElec) in EUR/kWh. The U.S. Energy Information Administration [64] publishes a yearly forecast for the energy prices. The fuel price for 2035 is predicted to be 0.934 USD/kg and the electricity price is said to be 0.114 USD/kWh. A currency exchange rate of 0.87 is taken to convert US Dollars into Euros: DOCEnergy = 0.87 FC (FB pFuel + EBat pElec) (A2) Appendix A.3. Labor A crew consists of one flight attendant per 50 PAX and two pilots. Airlines calculate with five crew complements (CC) to operate one regional aircraft. The yearly salaries (s) are EUR 70,000 per pilot (nFC) and EUR 30,000 per flight attendant (nFA) [45]. DOCCrew = CC (sFA nFA + sFC nFC ) (A3) Appendix A.4. Maintenance These costs are separated into airframe material (DOCAF,mat) and personnel (DOCAF,per), engine (DOCEng) and overall technology costs (DOCTec): DOC = DOC Ma + DOC FC (A4) Tec + DOC The airframe material costs depend on the fixed airframe repair costs per flight (kRep), the total block time in h and the airframe weight (WAF) in kg: WAF =OWE−WProp (A5) With the operating weight empty (OWE) and the weight of the propulsion (WProp) both in kg: DOCAF,mat = WAF (0.0010136 tTotal + 0.0012632) + kRep (A6) The personnel costs are determined with the help of labor costs (LR) = 50 EUR/h: DOCAF,per = LR WAF × 10−4 + 0.5 tTotal + WAF × 10−4 + 0.25 (A7) A significant effort is needed for maintaining the engines of the aircraft. The related costs also depend on the sea-level thrust, which is substituted with the total maximum power rating. It occurs while takeoff and depends on the V1 velocity (54.121 m/s) and the takeoff propulsion efficiency (0.64545) given by Nita [65]: DOC = 7.621 × 10−4 0.64545 PTotal,max + 30.5 t + 10.6 (A8) Eng 54.121 m Total s AF,mat AF,per + DOC EngPDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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