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Energies 2018, 11, 217 23 of 26 Navigation fees are charged from ATM operators and relate to the range flown in km, the MTOW and a navigation fee factor (kNav), which depends on the type of flight: Range MTOW DOCNav = kNav 1000 × 50000 FC (A18) An average factor for European domestic flights (850 EUR/km) is chosen. The total DOC is determined applying these equations. References 1. European Commission. Flightpath 2050—Europe’s Vision for Aviation; European Commission: Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, 2011. 2. Boeing. Current Market Outlook 2016–2035; Boeing: Chicago, IL, USA, 2016. 3. Airbus. Global Market Forecast—Mapping Demand 2016/2035; Airbus: Toulouse, France, 2016. 4. Heinemann, P.; Schmidt, M.; Jeßberger, C.; Will, F.; Kaiser, S.; Hornung, M. Sizing implications of a regional aircraft for inner-city operations. Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 2017, 89, 520–534. [CrossRef] 5. Kuhn, H.; Seitz, A.; Lorenz, L.; Isikveren, A.T.; Sizmann, A. Progress and perspectives of electric air transport. In Proceedings of the 28th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences ICAS, Brisbane, Australia, 23–28 September 2012; Volume 6, pp. 4886–4899. 6. Bijewitz, J.; Seitz, A.; Isikveren, A.T.; Hornung, M. Multi-Disciplinary Design Investigation of Propulsive Fuselage Aircraft Concepts. Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 2016, 88, 257–267. [CrossRef] 7. Isikveren, A.T.; Seitz, A.; Bijewitz, J.; Mirzoyan, A.; Isyanov, A.; Grenon, R.; Atinault, O.; Godard, J.-L.; Stueckl, S. Distributed Propulsion and Ultra-high By-Pass Rotor Study at Aircraft Level. Aeronaut. J. 2015, 119, 1327–1376. [CrossRef] 8. Pornet, C.; Gologan, C.; Vratny, P.C.; Seitz, A.; Schmitz, O.; Isikveren, A.T.; Hornung, M. Methodology for Sizing and Performance Assessment of Hybrid Energy Aircraft. J. Aircr. 2014, 52, 1–12. 9. Isikveren, A.T.; Kaiser, S.; Pornet, C.; Vratny, P.C. Pre-design strategies and sizing techniques for dual-energy aircraft. Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 2014, 86, 525–542. [CrossRef] 10. Isikveren, A.T.; Seitz, A.; Vratny, P.C.; Pornet, C.; Plötner, K.O.; Hornung, M. Conceptual studies of universally-electric systems architectures suitable for transport aircraft. In Proceedings of the Dtscher Luft-und Raumfahrt Kongress, Berlin, Germany, 10–12 September 2012. 11. Stoll, A.M.; Bevirt, J.; Moore, M.D.; Fredericks, W.J.; Borer, N.K. Drag Reduction Through Distributed Electric Propulsion. In Proceedings of the 14th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 16–20 June 2014; pp. 1–10. 12. Welstead, J.; Felder, J.L. Conceptual Design of a Single-Aisle Turboelectric Commercial Transport with Fuselage Boundary Layer Ingestion. In Proceedings of the 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 4–8 January 2016; pp. 1–17. 13. Antcliff, K.R.; Capristan, F.M. Conceptual Design of the Parallel Electric-Gas Architecture with Synergistic Utilization Scheme (PEGASUS) Concept. In Proceedings of the 18th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 5–9 June 2017; pp. 1–15. 14. Antcliff, K.R.; Guynn, M.D.; Marien, T.V.; Wells, D.P.; Schneider, S.J.; Tong, M.J. Mission Analysis and Aircraft Sizing of a Hybrid-Electric Regional Aircraft. In Proceedings of the 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 4–8 January 2016; pp. 1–18. 15. Strack, M.; Chiozzotto, G.P.; Iwanizki, M.; Plohr, M.; Kuhn, M. Conceptual Design Assessment of Advanced Hybrid Electric Turboprop Aircraft Configurations. In Proceedings of the 17th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 5–9 June 2017; pp. 1–20. 16. Van Bogaert, J. Assessment of Potential Fuel Saving Benefits of Hybrid-Electric Regional Aircraft. Master’s Thesis, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, 2015. 17. Stückl, S.; van Toor, J.; Lobentanzer, H. VOLTAIR-The All Electric Propulsion Concept Platform—A Vision for Atmospheric Friendly Flight. In Proceedings of the 28th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia, 23–28 September 2012; pp. 1–11. 18. Bombardier. Market Forecast 2014–2033; Bombardier: Valcourt, QC, Canada, 2014.PDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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