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Energies 2020, 13, 5846 5 of 23 and the heat transfer to the bottoming ORC plant. A gear pump driven by a variable speed electric motor allows achieving the upper cycle pressure, from which the working fluid expands in a 1.5 kW sliding vane rotary expander (SVRE). The expander has a radial intake port and an axial exhaust port, its stator, rotor diameter and chamber height are equal to 75.9 mm, 65 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. The machine has 7 chambers and 7 blades whose thickness and length are equal 17 mm and 4 mm, with a blade mass of 25 g. All these geometry features are reported in Table 1. Table 1. Expander geometry and angle of ports. Stator Diameter (mm) 75.9 Rotor diameter (mm) 65 Eccentricity (mm) 5.45 Chamber height (mm) 60 Blade length (mm) 17 Blade tick (mm) 3.96 Intake volume (cm3) 5.4 Exhaust volume (cm3) 19.3 Intake port opening angle (deg) 4.4 Intake port closing angle (deg) 48 Exhaust port opening angle (deg) 180 Exhaust port closing angle (deg) 322.5 A constant 1500 RPM rotational speed is imposed by the connection to the electric grid, which is mediated by the asynchronous generator. A plate heat exchanger acts as the condenser, with water as the cooling medium. A receiver downstream of the condenser dumps flow rate fluctuations and prevents cavitation at the pump by keeping the pump intake pressure at a constant level. The receiver is a buffer vessel that can be also introduced between the evaporator and expander to suppress the variation in vapor quality at expander inlet, as it was done in [50]. The reconstruction of the indicated diagram by means of angularly spaced piezoresistive sensors along with the volumetric efficiency and shaft torque measurement allows a complete characterization of the expander performance. In Figure 2, the experimental ORC plant is reported. The plant was developed to recover the exhaust gases of an IVECO F1C a 3-L supercharged diesel engine, as shown in Figure 3. From the analysis of Figure 2, it can be observed that as the gear pump (Figure 4a) pressurizes, the working fluid (R236fa) flows in the HRVG (Figure 4b) vaporizes, recovering thermal energy by the exhaust gases of the ICE (Figure 3). Then, the superheated working fluid expands in an SVRE (Figure 4c) producing mechanical power. So, the fluid leaving the SVRE is condensed in a plate heat exchanger (PHX) (Figure 4d) prior to being repumped, repeating the cycle. Table 2 reports the uncertainties of thermocouples, pressure transducers, flowmeters, and torque sensors employed, along with their composition into the volumetric, mechanical, and global efficiency. When the indicated pressure is not directly involved, classic composition criterion applies; the uncertainty on the indicated power is derived from the uncertainty of the piezoresistive sensors for mean effective pressure measurement and mediation by the volume of the machine [45]. Table 2. Measurement uncertainty. Working fluid temperature Working fluid pressure Indicated cycle Working fluid mass flow rate Water mass flow rate Mechanical power Volumetric efficiency Mechanical efficiency ±0.3 K ±0.3 bar ±0.1% of full-scale sensor output ±0.5% (kg/s) ±0.5% (kg/s) ±0.8% (W) ±0.6% ±2%PDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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