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Energies 2020, 13, 5846 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 23 7 of 24 according the components listed below. (a) (b) (c) Figure 4. (a) Pump and upstream plenum;; (b)) heat recovery vapour generator (HRVG);; (c) sliding vane rotary expander (SVRE); (d) plate heat exchanger (PHX) condenser. 2.2. Theoretical Model Table 2 reports the uncertainties of thermocouples, pressure transducers, flowmeters, and torque sensors employed, along with their composition into the volumetric, mechanical, and global The model was developed following an approach based on combined one-dimensional (1D) and efficiency. When the indicated pressure is not directly involved, classic composition criterion applies; zero-dimensional (0D) analysis and allows the definition of a theoretical model of the ORC plant in the the uncertainty on the indicated power is derived from the uncertainty of the piezoresistive sensors GT-SuiteTM environment. This software platform is comprehensive and contains multiple sub-routines; for mean effective pressure measurement and mediation by the volume of the machine [4545]. however, it does not involve long evaluation times, with simulations needing a few minutes to converge. The model reproduces all the physical quantities upstream and downstream of each component of the Table 2. Measurement uncertainty. ORC plant, whose main components and functional connections are shown in Figure 5 and modeled Working fluid temperature ±0.3 K Working fluid pressure ±0.3 bar 1. Component #1 represents the gear pump, which is modeled as a single component characterized Indicated cycle ±0.1% of full-scale sensor output by its volumetric capacity and thermodynamic performance, i.e., the volumetric and adiabatic Working fluid mass flow rate ±0.5% (kg/s) isentropic efficiency. The present work is based on the data obtained from an extensive Water mass flow rate ±0.5% (kg/s) experimental campaigMnebchyatnhiceaaluptohwoerrs [8], but in the mo±s0t.g8%en(eWra)l case, it can be retrieved from a comprehensive modVeoluomf ethtreicmefafichieincey, which confirms th±0e.6v%ersatility of the present approach. Mechanical efficiency ±2% The pump revolution speed is varied through an inverted mounted on an asynchronous electric motor. Thus, being a volumetric machine, if the revolution speed, ωpmp, is set, the mass flow rate 2.2. Theoretical Model circulating inside the plant, m ̇ WF, the pump volumetric efficiency, ηpmp, and the pump intake volume, V The model was developed following an approach based on combined one-dimensional (1D) and in,pmp , are known. The pump was modeled as in Equation (1): zero-dimensional (0D) analysis and allows the definition of a theoretical model of the ORC plant in . Vin,pmp ρin,pmp ηpmp ωpmp the GT-SuiteTM environment. This software platform is comprehensive and contains multiple sub- mWF = 60 (1) routines; however, it does not involve long evaluation times, with simulations needing a few minutes to converge. The model reproduces all the physical quantities upstream and downstream of each (d)PDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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