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314 Norman Holaind et al. / Energy Procedia 123 (2017) 313–320 2 Norman Holaind et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 Nomenclature β Cycle pressure ratio [-] η Efficiency [-] cp Specific heat at constant p [J kg-1 K-1] h Specific enthalpy [J kg-1] m Mass flow rate [kg s-1] p Pressure [Pa] D Diameter [m] Had Isentropic enthalpy difference [J kg-1] N Revolution speed [rad s-1] Q Flow rate [m3 s-1] T Temperature [K] 1. Introduction Subscripts cold Cold source comp Compressor cy Cycle el Electrical hot Hot source mech Mechanical s Specific tot Overall turb Turbine wf Working fluid Conventional waste heat to power conversion systems are based on Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) whose working fluids are not suitable for heat sources at high temperature (>450°C). Furthermore, existing ORC systems have a relatively low efficiency at the lower power range increasing the need for alternative technologies that can operate both at higher temperatures and offer higher efficiency [1]. The supercritical CO2 power cycle (sCO2) operates in a similar manner to other Brayton cycles and uses Carbon Dioxide in supercritical phase as working fluid. Unlike other working fluids, near the critical point (31°C, 73.8 bar) CO2 undergoes drastic density changes over small ranges of temperature and pressure and this allows a large amount of energy to be extracted at high temperature using relatively small size equipment, an order of magnitude smaller than steam or gas turbines. Additionally, CO2 is low-priced, non-toxic, non-flammable and easy manageable [2]. The sCO2 systems have been firstly conceived for nuclear or concentrated solar power generation applications [3,4]. However, the availability of high temperature waste streams in industrial environments and the limitations on the working fluids for ORC systems at the state of the art contributed to a wider awareness of the potential of sCO2 systems. If heat exchangers are crucial for the economic feasibility of a sCO2 system [5], in the power range below 100 kWe turbomachinery design is undoubtedly the most crucial challenge from a technical perspective. In fact, the high power density leads to small dimensions and high revolution speeds that are challenging for high efficiency. Past research works employed scaling considerations based on the similarity approach proposed by Balje [6] as well as numerical CFD and FEA studies on radial compressors and turbines. In particular, the similarity studies concluded that for power outputs lower than 300 kWe, the turbomachinery technology that is advisable to employ is the single stage radial one with a specific speed in the range 0.4-0.7, such that efficiency is maximized [7,8]. As concerns the numerical studies, different CFD solvers were used. Nevertheless, a coupling with libraries of thermophysical properties to account for the real behavior of carbon dioxide was always performed [9-11]. This paper provides an overview of the design methodology employed in a small scale sCO2 system for high temperature waste heat to power generation. Once the simple regenerated Brayton cycle was selected according to techno-economic considerations, a thermodynamic analysis coupled with real gas properties and Balje’s correlations, provided the design specifics for the compressor-generator-turbine (CGT) unit of the sCO2 system. In particular, size and speed were estimated and compared to constraints imposed by the bearing technology as well as by the manufacturability of the components. Finally the numerical CFD simulations were performed to optimize the 3D design of the impeller and the stator. In particular, steady state RANS simulations using the mixing plane approach were performed taking into account real gas properties for CO2.PDF Image | Design of Radial Turbomachinery for S CO2 CFD
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