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measured data. Nikolov et al. [63] analyzed the influence of the thermal deformation on the machine performance, in particular based on an iterative coupling of thermodynamic and thermal simulations. The results of the thermodynamic simulation, mainly based on the so-called chamber models, represent the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic performance of the screw machine by means of Energies 2020, 13, 6586 15 of 26 mass and energy conservation. 3. The Application of Screw Expander 3. The Application of Screw Expander In 1934, Lysholm, a Swedish professor, proposed the theory of asymmetric helical screw In 1934, Lysholm, a Swedish professor, proposed the theory of asymmetric helical screw compressor, compressor, which laid the foundation for the development of the screw expansion machine [64]. In which laid the foundation for the development of the screw expansion machine [64]. In 1952, 1952, H.R. Nillsen obtained the invention patent of the screw expander as the motive power machine, H.R. Nillsen obtained the invention patent of the screw expander as the motive power machine, which which represents the beginning of the study of the screw expansion machine. But over the next 20 represents the beginning of the study of the screw expansion machine. But over the next 20 years, years, the development of the screw expander was very slow. By the 1970s, due to the outbreak of the development of the screw expander was very slow. By the 1970s, due to the outbreak of the energy the energy crisis, the development and utilization of renewable energy and waste heat resources have crisis, the development and utilization of renewable energy and waste heat resources have attracted attracted more and more attention from the society. During the period from 1971 to 1973, two screw more and more attention from the society. During the period from 1971 to 1973, two screw compressors compressors were changed into expander by the American water heat power company, and field were changed into expander by the American water heat power company, and field experiments were experiments were carried out in California’s Imperial Valley and Mexico’s Cerro Prieto, which carried out in California’s Imperial Valley and Mexico’s Cerro Prieto, which proved the feasibility of proved the feasibility of screw expander application. Since then, it has entered the upsurge of research screw expander application. Since then, it has entered the upsurge of research on screw expander. on screw expander. At present, the screw expander has achieved great progress in the application of At present, the screw expander has achieved great progress in the application of industrial surplus industrial surplus power generation, renewable energy generation, industrial waste heat recovery power generation, renewable energy generation, industrial waste heat recovery and other fields. and other fields. 3.1. The Application of Screw Expander in the Low-Temperature Generation System 3.1. The Application of Screw Expander in the Low-Temperature Generation System 3.1.1. The Application of Screw Expander in Industrial Residual Pressure Power Generation 3.1.1. The Application of Screw Expander in Industrial Residual Pressure Power Generation The Industrial residual pressure mainly includes the high-pressure natural gas, process gas in the The Industrial residual pressure mainly includes the high-pressure natural gas, process gas in steel and chemical industries, the saturated steam and superheated steam. To meet certain technological the steel and chemical industries, the saturated steam and superheated steam. To meet certain requirements in the industry, it is usually necessary to reduce the pressure of these high-pressure gases technological requirements in the industry, it is usually necessary to reduce the pressure of these through the pressure-reducing valve, which results in the waste of the pressure energy. The screw high-pressure gases through the pressure-reducing valve, which results in the waste of the pressure expander can be used as a pressure-reducing valve, which not only can achieve the purpose of reducing energy. The screw expander can be used as a pressure-reducing valve, which not only can achieve the pressure of steam but also effectively convert the industrial residual pressure into the mechanical the purpose of reducing the pressure of steam but also effectively convert the industrial residual energy and electric energy. pressure into the mechanical energy and electric energy. As shown in Figure 8, Jiangsu Chengxing Phosphoru—Chemical Co. Ltd. installed a screw As shown in Figure 8, Jiangsu Chengxing Phosphoru—Chemical Co. Ltd. installed a screw expanding power generator by using four screw expanders (two KES900, one KES1400 and one expanding power generator by using four screw expanders (two KES900, one KES1400 and one KWS2300 screw expander). The generator set is divided into two stages to recover the residual pressure KWS2300 screw expander). The generator set is divided into two stages to recover the residual of the by-product steam of the phosphorus burning furnace to generate electricity. The total installed pressure of the by-product steam of the phosphorus burning furnace to generate electricity. The total power of this unit is 5.5MW, and the net generating capacity is 4.4 MW [65]. installed power of this unit is 5.5MW, and the net generating capacity is 4.4 MW [65]. Figure 8. The screw expanding power generator of Jiangsu Chengxing Phosphoru—Chemical Co. Ltd. Figure 8. The screw expanding power generator of Jiangsu Chengxing Phosphoru—Chemical Co. Ltd. In addition, since Xinyu Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. installed the first screw generator in 2005, a total of five sets of screw expansion power generators have been installed and operated by Xinyu Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. The total power of the power station reaches 2700KW, the annual effective power generation is about 15 million degrees, and the economic and social benefits are all considerable [66]. 3.1.2. The Application of Screw Expander in Industrial Waste Heat Recovery In China, the total resources of industrial waste heat accounts for 17–67% of fuel consumption, and the recyclable part accounts for about 60% of the total residual heat. Therefore, China has a great potential for waste heat application. The screw expander can directly or indirectly generate electricPDF Image | Development and Application of the Twin Screw Expander
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