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70 the water-steam combination occuring here, they have a general significance for the expansion of other two-phase systems with gaseous and liquid components. So one can expect similar behaviour in such systems. The generation of electrostatic hazards as a result of the free jet expansion was earlier considered only from the viewpoint of a field influence on neighbouring conductors which yields brush or spark discharges respectively, depending on the charging of the orifice or the impinging and charging of plant parts. The charging process by drift currents resulting in an ignition hazard was insufficiently taken into account. For the avoidance of a hazardous charging of wet steam and the prevention of a charge accumulation resulting eventually in incendive discharges such means are necessary which are also in practice useful. EXPERIMENTAL The experiments were carried out on horizontally and vertically oriented steam jets where the material of the piping andorifices was steel. Contrary to the above cited investigations, special attention was put on the constancy of the values of thermodynamic quantities determining wet steam. The quantities were the steam content x and the pressure p corresponding to the Mollier enthalpy-entropy diagram. The velocity of t.Ke steam released in the discharge opening or immediately after it was calculated with the equations which are valid for supercritical or subcritical escape of steam (ref. 5). An additional experimental estimation was carried out. The measurements were made by use of two ring-shaped induction probes which allow the measurement of the velocity and the volume charge. The probes were constructed following the charge measurement method proposed by Gajewski (ref. 6). Further measurements were made with a Prandtl tube and a mechanical anemometer. The examined orifices were pipes, specially designed nozzles and slits as they appear at leaky flange gaskets. During the release process the excess charge of the jet was calculated by means of current measurements from the electrically insulated orifice or from the releasing pipe. Field strength measurements were carried out with a static and a dynamical fieldmeter. The drift current was measured by a probe connected to a charge integrator.PDF Image | ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS OF CHARGED STEAM JETS
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