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72 dIz/dz + n'1 = 0 Z and therefore Iz = I(z) = Ioexp(-nz). (4) This simple model is consistent with a charge density depending on z by the relation P - exp(-nz) - l/(l+nz+(nz/2)‘+...) The measured and calculated field strengths are in accordance with this result. The charge decreasing mechanism essentially consists of the appearance of a drift current of evaporated liquid particles from the outer jet regions (v = 0). Under the influence of the field the generated ions move depending on their mobility along the field lines to earth. In the jet a current difference arises between IO and Iz which is equal to the leakage current IO. IO = IO-Iz = IO- j j(r,z)dA, ‘R A \ rvp dr. (5) IO = IO-2’iT 0 Knowing v and p the assessment of I,, and of a mean value for the drift current density & is possible. RESULTS Charge generation The flow of superheated steam in an pipe and its expansion into a free space cause only a small electrification. In this case the charge carriers are connected with transported salt, rust and other particles. A charge generation resulting in electrostatic ignition hazards is to be expected only during the wet steam expansion. Wet steam contains a lot of liquid particles and the type of flow varies between spray flow and annular spray flow. Figure 2 shows the measured dependence of the charging current IO flowing from the insulated orifice to the ground and the pressure p, and the steam content x (ref. 7). It is obviously that the empirical condition pux 4 0.15 MPaguarantees a charging current of only IO- +A. Below a pressure of p, = 0.14 MPathere are no hazardous charge accumulations to be expected.PDF Image | ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS OF CHARGED STEAM JETS
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