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axial volume charge density. HAZARDSAND SAFETY MEASURES Spark discharges An ignitable spark discharge in the area of the electric field influence of a charged jet requires a sufficiently charged conductor. Other conditions such as a minimal capacity and the energy of the discharge are stressed in other papers (ref. 8). The charge accumulation on a conductor can be the result of the induction caused by a charged steam jet. Field strengths guaranteing such an effect at distances of some meters can be reached during the above mentioned processes. However this charging is not very likely since the of a second expansion necessary conductor conductors insulation are an example. In the same manner also a person with insulated shoes is chargeable. It was deduced by examining cases that a distance of 2 3 meters to the contour of a steam jet is sufficient to avoid hazardous charge accumulation under operational conditions. A greater distance is needed if no further conductors are present in the vicinity of the jet. Brush discharges In nearly all examined cases it was impossible to ignite a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen/air by brush discharges between the jet and a spherical electrode with a diameter of 18 mm. Only very seldom with a steam jet from a leaky tube flange can the possibility of ignition exist. The high flow velocity around the electrode and the influence of the drift current prevents, in most cases, the possibility of ignition. A charge decrease in the jet or a decrease of the charge generation eliminates the described hazardous effects. Besides the already mentioned safety measures such as pressure limitation , grounding within defined safety distances and the use of passive ionizators in the initial part of the jet discharge it to a safe level. A reduction of the generated charges in the orifice is achievable by an orifice with a diaphragm (ref. 7). change between insulation, grounding and approximation charging of insulated spark discharges in the is difficult to perform in practice. The to a level initiating The metallic covers of by drift path is currents possible. thermal piping insulations CONCLUSION The expansion of wet steam from orifices results in an electrification of the charge piping escaping jet. The charge surface of water films (resulting in positive occurs during pipeline is generated (resulting particles) flow. In partial particles) disruption of the and water droplets the orifice. Little conditions of the during negative as the steam in the leaves constant geometricPDF Image | ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS OF CHARGED STEAM JETS
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