Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador

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Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador ( energy-intensity-and-co2-emissions-ecuador )

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Sustainability 2020, 12, 20 2 of 21 Between 1750 and 2011, cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere were 2040 ± 310 GTCO2. About 40% of these emissions have remained in the atmosphere (880 ± 35 GTCO2) [5]; the rest have been removed from the atmosphere and stored on land (in plants and soils) and in theSousctaeinabnil.ityP2e02o0,p12l,ex’sFOlRifPeEEeRxRpEeVcIEtWancy is threatened by climate change through th2eofli2m2 itation of access to water, food, medical care, and land. Therefore, it is important to reduce the consumption of Between 1750 and 2011, cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere were 2040 fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy in order to minimize CO2 emissions [13]. ± 310 GTCO2. About 40% of these emissions have remained in the atmosphere (880 ± 35 GTCO2) [5]; Sustainability of power systems with high renewable energy penetration rates is a topic of major the rest have been removed from the atmosphere and stored on land (in plants and soils) and in the ocean. People’s life expectancy is threatened by climate change through the limitation of access to interest, especially when considering the intermittency of renewable energy source (RES) production water, food, medical care, and land. Therefore, it is important to reduce the consumption of fossil and the actual growing trend of energy consumption [6]. The transition from fossil fuels to RESs is fuels and increase the use of renewable energy in order to minimize CO2 emissions [13]. an indispensable necessity if sustainable socio-economic systems are to be realized. RES variability now Sustainability of power systems with high renewable energy penetration rates is a topic of major represents a major challenge when it comes to upgrading power systems. From a social and economic interest, especially when considering the intermittency of renewable energy source (RES) production and the actual growing trend of energy consumption [6]. The transition from fossil fuels to RESs is perspective, the RES share in meeting electricity demand has shown a steady growth [7]. The increasing an indispensable necessity if sustainable socio-economic systems are to be realized. RES variability renewable energy share in electricity generation as a result of several factors such as environmental now represents a major challenge when it comes to upgrading power systems. From a social and constraints, technical and economic aspects, or social implications has led to a corresponding reduction economic perspective, the RES share in meeting electricity demand has shown a steady growth [7]. in total COThemincirsesaisoingsr[e8n]e.wable energy share in electricity generation as a result of several factors such as 2 The energy return on investment (EROI) metric includes factors affecting the whole energy system corresponding reduction in total CO2 emissions [8]. environmental constraints, technical and economic aspects, or social implications has led to a that are not accounted for by the monetary costs of individual power plants (such as additional The energy return on investment (EROI) metric includes factors affecting the whole energy costs for the system related to distribution, intermittency of RES, etc.) [14–20]. The transition to new system that are not accounted for by the monetary costs of individual power plants (such as energyresaodudritcieonsaalncdostsofnorewthensyesrtgemycroelnatveedrstoiodnisatrnibdutsitoonr,aingterdmeitvteicnecyswofilRlEaSff,ectct.)th[1e4–fr2a0]c.tiTohne ofenergy transition to new energy resources and to new energy conversion and storage devices will affect the reinvestment, which could have significant economic impacts [21–26]. Those RESs with a higher fraction of energy reinvestment, which could have significant economic impacts [21–26]. Those RESs potential (i.e., wind, and solar) have been generally found to have a lower EROI standard (EROIst) with a higher potential (i.e., wind, and solar) have been generally found to have a lower EROI than fossil fuels, especially when incorporating the energy costs of dealing with intermittency [9]. standard (EROIst) than fossil fuels, especially when incorporating the energy costs of dealing with Energinytearmnditteenncyv[i9r]o.nmental objectives are a global problem and, in this regard, international Energy and environmental objectives are a global problem and, in this regard, international agreements between developed and developing countries are crucial for the future of the international agreements between developed and developing countries are crucial for the future of the energy situation [10]. In 2015, world leaders agreed to 17 goals that would lead to a better world international energy situation [10]. In 2015, world leaders agreed to 17 goals that would lead to a by 2030. These goals have the power to end poverty, fight inequality, and stop climate change [11]. better world by 2030. These goals have the power to end poverty, fight inequality, and stop climate Technologcihcanlgper[o11g].reTsecsh,ntohleogaicaclupmrogurleastsi,othneoacfccuampuiltaatilo,naonfdcatphitealc,ahnadntghecihnanthgeisnttrhuecsttururcetuorfepofroduction, production, has contributed positively to the reduction of energy intensity. Changes in the has contributed positively to the reduction of energy intensity. Changes in the composition of the composition of the energy supply (for example: the increasing importance of electricity) can affect energy supply (for example: the increasing importance of electricity) can affect productivity [12]. productivity [12]. Energy intensity has been analyzed and has been found to be a key driver for guiding the pathway Energy intensity has been analyzed and has been found to be a key driver for guiding the of energy ptraathnwsaiytiofnenteorwgyatrdanssiaticohniteovwianrgdsaclhoiewvincgarablown ceacrboonoemcoyno[m2y7,[287,]2.8]T. Thhee enerrggyyinitenntseitnysity of the of the global economy continues to fall. Global energy intensity—measured as the primary energy global economy continues to fall. Global energy intensity—measured as the primary energy demand demand per unit of GDP based on the 2016 US dollar (USD) on a purchasing power parity (PPP) per unit of GDP based on the 2016 US dollar (USD) on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis—fell by basis—fell by 1.8% in 2016. This decline continued the recent trend of stable improvement. Even 1.8% in 2016. This decline continued the recent trend of stable improvement. Even though it was lower though it was lower than it had been in 2015, it was still a significant increase on the averages seen in thanithadthbeeepnrecined2in0g15d,eictadweass(seteillFiagusirgen1i)fi.cWahnitleinGcDrePasgereownbtyhe3%avienra20g1e6s,sgeloebnalinentehregyprdecmeadnidngdecades increased by only 1.1% [29]. (see Figure 1). While GDP grew by 3% in 2016, global energy demand increased by only 1.1% [29]. Figure 1. Annual changes in global primary energy intensity, 1981–2016 (US dollars (USD), 2016). Figure 1. Annual changes in global primary energy intensity, 1981–2016 (US dollars (USD), 2016). In Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and non-OECD economies, energy intensity has declined almost without interruption since 2000, averaging 1.6% per year to 2016, as seen in Figure 2. In OECD countries, primary energy demand fell by 1%, despite a 32% increase in GDP; in other countries, energy demand rose by 80% while GDP increased by 150% [29].

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