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10 Friction 7(1): 2–17 (2019) symmetrical electrification, where Eq. (15) is already satisfied). In this case, it can be expected that 1 2 (16) Due to the statistical variation expectation theories, the probability of directional triboelectric charging will be variation/deviation‐determined [59, 61], in the form of P(surface1 surface2) A1 1 A2 2 (17) where A1 and A2 are the areas of surface 1 and surface 2, respectively, and Ai i is the expected variation value, in a statistical sense. In summary, triboelectric series are an efficient tool for triboelectric analyses, which provide a useful picture of how a tribo‐pair will contribute to the final charging. The logic scheme for understanding the triboelectric series and its exceptional cases is summarized in Fig. 8. 4 Important factors This section focuses on what factors as controllable variables are influential, or even dominant, in the triboelectric process and how they determine the triboelectric series externally, which can help explain some contradictory results to list the triboelectric series. The scheme of this chapter is summarized in Fig. 9. Generally, the factors can be divided into two categories by the system composition consideration: surface properties and environmental influence. Surface properties are the characteristics of the tribo‐systems themselves, which are determined upon the setup of the tribo‐pairs. Hence, materials and their The schematic illustration of the parameters influencing triboelectric process. compositions are the leading factors in the discussion on the triboelectric effect. This has been included in Sections 1 and 2, and will not be further detailed in this section. The microstructure and pattern also need immediate attention because they can be influenced by the material composition, and key tribological indicators such as surface roughness can interactively tangle with the changes in microstructures and surface patterns. Meanwhile, as particle contact and tribo‐ electrification is a practical topic in varied industries, particle size will be considered separately as a key factor to determine the triboelectric series in this section. In case of environment contributions, load stress, humidity, and acidity are non‐ignorable. Load stress is fundamental in a way that it links the mechanical and electrical behaviors. Indeed, understanding the mechanical responses can be a strong basis and useful tool for further discussion of the triboelectric performance, as friction and contact are the sources for the charging process [34]. Humidity and acidity are of immense importance, and will not be discussed independently. We conducted the discussion together on purpose, because the main idea of humidity and acidity impacts on the triboelectric effect is the concern with ion/polarity generation and chemical reaction [2]. Therefore, their importance roots in factors such as the possible subsequent surface composition changes. Other factors are also meaningful for obtaining a complete picture of the triboelectric series. For instance, the charge in the vacuum on the tribo‐surface is usually higher than that in the atmosphere [36]. The triboelectric effect is also a temperature‐dependent Understanding for triboelectric series (“Special Case” refers to the triboelectric series composed of (a) identical materials in Section 3.1 and (b) cyclic material loop in Section 3.2). Fig. 8 Fig. 9 | https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/frictionPDF Image | Fundamental theories basic principles of triboelectric effect
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