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Friction 7(1): 2–17 (2019) 13 that the general trend of how tribo‐charging is affected by this humidity‐ and acidity‐introduced layer is not reached consensus yet [81–83]. After humidity and acidity (with their functional groups) are attached to the original tribo‐surfaces, the solid–liquid interface will be naturally created [2, 84]. Why we stress on this newly introduced two‐phase interface is because the tribo‐characteristics have been changed away from solid–solid contact, and it turns out to have various electrical behaviors in the triboelectrification process. Some useful theories have been established for the simplest case of water residing on the solid surface, and the surface electrical variation is observed for possible control of the triboelectric process (“single‐ surface” analysis) [84]. In this case, the electrical double layer (with the Stern layer and the Gouy‐Chapman layer) will be formed. Without loss of generality, the charging distribution is set as shown in Fig. 10. Due to the electrochemical potential balance of each ionic group demonstrated in Eq. (21), the anion and cation concentration c can be calculated by a thermophysical consideration, and the relation is shown in Eq. (22). i i0 RTlnci Fqi (21) the triboelectric effect with the wetting behaviors of the surfaces, as the wettability of surfaces indicates how and how well these acid–base pairs or groups can attach to tune the surface properties, and thus, change the triboelectric performance [1, 80, 85]. For example, higher oxidation of polystyrene leads to lower contact angle (thus higher wettability) and determines the rate of charging (with the tribo‐pairs formed by metals and organics) [81]. Other experiments confirm this relation by treating the surface with UV light to cause the contact angle change and then investigating the charging behavior [86]. 5 Summary This is the first review to place great importance on the fundamental theories and basic principles for more comprehensively understanding the triboelectric effect and its interaction with its variable environments. The first section gives a general picture of the electrical property (e.g., capacitive characteristics) of the triboelectric system and reviews the different charging media (electron, ion, and (nano‐)material) and their governing rules in detail. With the mathematical and physical descriptions of these charging modes, the triboelectric series are discussed, with a rational focus on the special cases including cyclic triboelectric series and triboelectrification on identical materials. Finally, the triboelectric effect is a combination of both system features and environment influences, which make the discussion on the important factors following the sequence of structure effect, (particle) size effect, load dependence, and humidity dependence more reasonable. In brief, this review casts light on how the fundamental theories are developed and confirms their deterministic functions in designing more effective triboelectric systems with these relatively precise mathematical and physical descriptions. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51575340), State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication (No. LSL‐1604) and the Shanghai Academy of Space Technology‐ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Center c q exp with cc c c kBT (22) where F denotes the Faraday constant in electrostatics, q is the valence charge of each ion, and is the (local) electrical potential. Given the electrical gradient and the local charge density, the Poisson equation can be modified to 2cq q 2 sinhkT 0B (23) By solving Eq. (23) to obtain the Debye length, we can see a clear disturbance to the original electric field as well as electrical potential distribution vertical to each surface. When more information including the proton dissociation energy, surface ion adsorption energy, and surface free energy is provided [36], the analytical solution to the humidity–acidity effect can be expected. Based on the above arguments, we can easily link http://friction.tsinghuajournals.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/40544 | FrictionPDF Image | Fundamental theories basic principles of triboelectric effect
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