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10 5.66 30 6.04 50 6.17 70 6.04 90 5.67 86.3 86.02 85.50 84.83 84.08 E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 535 thermal radiation and noise level as a function of distance from the flare using commercial software for flare systems. The results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Thermal and noise emissions from flaring [1] Distance, Thermal radiation, m kW/m2 Noise level, dB 20 5.87 86.19 40 6.14 85.78 60 6.14 85.18 80 5.88 84.46 100 5.42 83.68 The technology to address the problem of gas flaring exists today and the policy regulations required are largely understood. Global emissions from gas flaring stand for more than 50 % of the annual Certified Emissions Reductions (624 Mt CO2) currently issued under the Kyoto Clean Development Mechanisms [2]. woHever, flaring is considered as much safer than just venting gases to the atmosphere [2,13]. Pollutants of flare and their health effect are summarized in Table 3 [14]. Table 3 Pollutants of flare and their health effect [14] Chemical name Health effect Ozone in land Dioxide nitrogen Dioxide of sulphur Alkenes: Ethylene, Propylene In low densities eye will stimulate and in high densities especially children and adults it will cause respiratory problems. It will effect on depth of lung and respiratory pipes and aggravates symptoms of asthma. In high densities it will result in meta-haemo- globins which prevents from absorption of oxygen by blood. It will stimulate respiratory system and as a result aggravating asthma and bronchitis. It will result in weakness, nausea and vomit. Sulphide hydrogen In low densities it will effect on eye and nose which result in insomnia and headache. Particles matter There is this believe that it will result in cancer and heart attack. Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, Propane In low densities it will result in swelling, itching and inflammation and in high densities it will result in eczema and acute lung swelling. Aromatics: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene It is poisonous and carcinogenic. It influences on nerve system and in low densities it will result in blood abnormalities and also it will stimulate skin and result in depression. CO2 and CH4 are GHG that, when released directly into the air, traps heat in the atmosphere. The climate impact is obvious, suggesting a great contribution to global GHG emissions. For example, about 45.8 billion kW of heat into atmosphere of Niger Delta from flared gas daily released [15]. As a result of the environment, gas flaring has raised temperatures and rendered large areas uninhabitable. CO2 emissions from flaring have high global warming potential and contribute to climate change. CO2 emissions come from only the combustion of fossil fuels for about 75 % [6]. CH4 is actually more harmful than CO2. It has about 25 times greater global warming potential than CO2 on a mass basis [13]. It is also more prevalent in flares that burn at lower efficiency [15]. Therefore, there are concerns about CH4 and other volatile organic compounds from different operations.PDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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