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Mathematics 2020, 9, 50 5 of 30 proper modelling of the fluid properties should be considered. Very importantly, it can be noticed that the non-radial (backswept) blade in radial turbines is an area in which little Mathematics 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 34 available literature exists. Therefore, the proper mathematical modelling of backswept blades is presented. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of the exhaust gas, such blades is presented. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of the exhaust gas, such as mass flow as mass flow rate and temperature can vary widely with time in heat sources such as ICEs. rate and temperature can vary widely with time in heat sources such as ICEs. This variance causes This variance causes heat sources to become unstable and uncontrollable. Therefore, the heat sources to become unstable and uncontrollable. Therefore, the performance behaviour of the 3D performance behaviour of the 3D shaped turbine when running at off-design rotational shaped turbine when running at off-design rotational speeds and pressure ratios should be accurately speeds and pressure ratios should be accurately predicted. In addition, the radial inflow predicted. In addition, the radial inflow turbine is part of a larger system which the ORC in the turbine is part of a larger system which the ORC in the current study. Therefore, it is of current study. Therefore, it is of great importance to analyze the performance of the ORC system great importance to analyze the performance of the ORC system under various operating under various operating conditions of the turbine. Moreover, the brief literature review also indicates conditions of the turbine. Moreover, the brief literature review also indicates the success of thesuccessofCFDdiscipliCnFeDindviasclidpalitnineginmvealnid-laintienmgomdealsn.-Tlihniesmstuodeylsa.imThsiastsftiullidnygathimeseagtafiplslibnyg these gaps by providingacomplete3D-sphraopveidgienngearactoiomnpalnetdeC3DFD-s-hFaEpaengaelnyseerastaiotndeasnigdnCaFnDd-oFfEf-adneasliygsnecsoantdietisoignns.andoff-design Figure 1 presents a flowchcaornt doifttiohnesc.uFrirgeunrtes1tupdrye.sents a flowchart of the current study. FigureF1i.gFulroew1c.hFalortwocfhtahretporfetsheenptrsetusednyt.study. 2. Organic Rankine Cycle and Radial Inflow Turbine 2. Organic Rankine Cycle and Radial Inflow Turbine Typical ORC consists of four main components, namely: evaporator, turbine, con- Typical ORC consists of four main components, namely: evaporator, turbine, condenser and denser and pump, Figure 2. The working fluid is vaporized in the evaporator (7 to 1) and pump, Figure 2. The working fluid is vaporized in the evaporator (7 to 1) and then expanded in the then expanded in the turbine (1 to 5) that drives a generator to produce electricity. Finally, turbine (1 to 5) that drives a generator to produce electricity. Finally, the working fluid is condensed the working fluid is condensed at constant pressure (5 to 6) and pumped again (6 to 7) to at constant pressure (5 to 6th)eanevdapuomraptoerd. Paogianints(16to57)retoprtehsenetvathpeotruatrobrin. Peositnatgse1astosh5orwepnreinseFnitgtuhre 3. turbine stage as shown in Figure 3. The detailed description of the ORC system and internal combustion engine can be found in the previous studies of the authors [14,15]. Three different radial inflow turbines were designed in the previous study [31], a separate turbine for each engine operating point. In this study, the operating conditions of the exhaust gas at P3 is selected as the heat source of the current study. In addition, the geometry of the radial inflow turbine of P3 is considered in the current simulation since P3 is considered as the optimum engine point. The detailed geometry of the P3 turbine can be seen in [31]. Table 1 presents the input conditions for the mean-line model, which are used as the input conditions for the current CFD study. Table 2 summarizes the basic equations in ORC and radial inflow turbine applied in the current study.PDF Image | Generation of 3D Turbine Blades for Automotive ORC
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