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Mathematics 2020, 9, 50 16 of 30 Mathematics 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 34 Table 5. Results of FEA mesh independence study. Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of Nodes 1716 2848 8886 13,257 60,011 116,155 263,344 268,477 Max von Mises Stress (Pa) 20,962,000.00 21,900,000.00 22,551,000.00 23,120,000.00 24,387,000.00 26,519,000.00 29,233,000.00 30,057,000.00 30,158,000.00 Max Total Deformation (mm) 0.47207 0.47897 0.48278 0.48285 0.48256 0.48309 0.48345 0.48322 9 293,660 0.48323 6. Results and Discussions Figure 16. FEA mesh of point 8 in Table 5. Figure 16. FEA mesh of point 8 in Table 5. 6. Results and Discussions 6.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Results 6.1.1. Validation of the Numerical Analysis 6.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Results CFD results in the current study. Although CFD is a powerful and robust simulation tool, it still needs to be verified experimentally. The turbine model has already been manufactured and tested as shown in 6.1.1. Validation of the Numerical Analysis the previous studies of the authors [14,15]. Unfortunately, the test has been run at highly Although CFD is a powerful and robust simulation tool, it still needs to be verified off-design conditions due to the technical issue of the engine dynamometer. Therefore, the experimentally. The turbine model has already been manufactured and tested as shown in the test results cannot be directly used to verify the proposed mean-line model. However, the previousstudiesotefsthresauultshcoarnsb[1e4a,1p5p].lieUdntforvtualnidataetleyt,htehenutemsetrhicaaslbaneeanlysriusn.Tahtehreigfohrley,tohfef-dteesstigrensultsof conditions due totthestteucdhyni[c1a4l]iasrseueusoefdthtoeveanlgidinaetedtyhneaCmFoDmretseurl.tsThinertehfeocrue,rrthenettsetsutdrye.sults cannot Figure 17 shows a comparison between the CFD and test results at 20,000 rpm for be directly used to verify the proposed mean-line model. However, the test results can be applied to different pressure ratios. As seen in the figure, the CFD numerical results show very good validate the numerical analysis. Therefore, the test results of the study [14] are used to validate the agreement with the test results. A maximum deviation of 3.23% is noticed at a pressure ratio of 5.4, while the average deviation is 2.67%. Therefore, the current CFD model can be Figure 17 shows a comparison between the CFD and test results at 20,000 rpm for different applied more confidently as a validation model for the proposed mean-line model. pressure ratios. As seen in the figure, the CFD numerical results show very good agreement with the test results. A maximum deviation of 3.23% is noticed at a pressure ratio of 5.4, while the average deviation is 2.67%. Therefore, the current CFD model can be applied more confidently as a validation model for the proposed mean-line model.PDF Image | Generation of 3D Turbine Blades for Automotive ORC
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