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Mathematics 2020, 9, 50 27 of 30 7. Conclusions This paper presented the fluid–structure interaction of a high pressure-ratio backswept radial inflow turbine operating with high-dense working fluid at design and off-design points. The main conclusions of the current study are summarized below: • The proposed mathematical modelling for generating 3D shapes of turbine blades and vanes is fast and accurate. • The CFD simulations indicated the robustness of the proposed 1D mean-line model. The deviations between the 1D mean-line and 3D CFD in turbine efficiency and power output were 2.28% and 5.10%, respectively. In addition, the 3D CFD results confirmed the optimum blade angle value optimized by the 1D mean-line model. • At the design point, the flow at the stator exit was supersonic as expected. However, it was smooth with no flow-vortices. In the rotor blades, the fluid was flowing smoothly, and the velocity was homogenously distributed at 90% span. At the 50% span, flow recirculation was observed downstream of the rotor blades at the suction side, resulting in a moderate level of diffusion at this area. The results also indicated that the curvature downstream the blade should be optimized. • At off-design conditions, the performance of the turbine was non-optimum. In ad- dition, strong flow vortices resulted in the passage of the rotor blade. Increasing the stage pressure ratio resulted in high Mach numbers which negatively affected the turbine performance while affected the output power positively. For low turbine inlet temperatures, the flow is more uniform at 30,000 rpm than that in design point speed (40,000 rpm). In contrast, flow pattern improves better with 40,000 rpm than 30,000 rpm at high temperatures since the fluid density at the stator exit is lower. • The FEA indicated that material selection is a trade-off between its mechanical in- tegrity and cost. Fullcure 720 should be avoided in the current application due to the possibility of metal fusion near the blade tip. Similarly, stainless steel is not ap- propriate for the current application due to high resulted stress. Titanium alloy and aluminium alloy can be used for the current applications, although the former is typically 20 times more expensive. • Cycle thermal efficiency and net power were investigated at various pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures. As pressure ratio increases, cycle thermal efficiency and net power increases due to the increased turbine power output. The results also indicated that cycle net power increases linearly with increasing turbine inlet temperature while cycle thermal efficiency showed different trends according to the rotational speed. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.A. and A.P.; methodology, F.A. and M.E.; software, F.A.; validation, A.P., M.E. and F.A.; formal analysis, M.E.; investigation, A.P. and F.A.; resources, A.P.; data curation, M.E.; writing—original draft preparation, F.A.; writing—review and editing, A.P. and M.E.; visualization, F.A.; supervision, A.P.; project administration, A.P. and F.A.; funding acquisition A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Innovate UK, grant number TS/M012220/1. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Generation of 3D Turbine Blades for Automotive ORC
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