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Table 2 Liquids, Gases and Heat Processed in the Generation of 330 MW (gross). Six 55 MW at the Gunung Salak Geothermal Field, Indonesia Units in markets where natural gas infrastructure exists. So there are positive signs that conventional high-grade geothermal power development will grow again in the medium term. The challenge to the geothermal industry in the short term is to continue to lower the cost of development to remain compet- itive with other power sources. In the medium term, the greatest opportunity exists in the development of technology to: 1) recover the stranded heat remaining in reservoirs after conventional development; 2) stimulate fractures in the hot impermeable margins of exploited systems; 3) explore for “hidden” systems. In the long term HDR holds the greatest promise, but to develop cost-effective heat mining technology will take a coordinated effort by government and industry over several decades. Extracting a significant fraction of the available geothermal heat commercially presents a considerable challenge but an eminently worthy one, as the world faces an increasing need for nonfossil, nonpolluting energy in the decades to come. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the management of Un- ocal Corporation for permission to publish this paper. REFERENCES [1] J. W. Lund, “World status of geothermal energy use: Overview 1995–1999,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-To- hoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 4105–4111. [2] H. N. Pollack, S. J. Hunter, and J. R. Johnson, “Heat flow from the earth’s interior: Analysis of the global data set,” Rev. Geophys., vol. 31, pp. 267–280, 1973. [3] C. A. Stein, “Heat flow of the earth,” in AGU Reference Shelf 1: Global Earth Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constraints, T. J. Ahrens, Ed: American Geophysical Union, 1995, pp. 144–158. [4] H. Takahashi and T. Hashida, “New project for hot wet rock geothermal reservoir design concept,” in Proc. 17th Workshop Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, CA, Jan. 29–31, 1992, pp. 39–44. [5] L. McLarty, P. Grabowski, D. Entingh, and A. Robertson-Tait, “Enhanced geothermal systems R&D in the United States,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 3793–3796. [6] B. E. Eaton, “U.S. Gulf Coast geopressured-geothermal,” in Proc. 12th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, 1990, pp. 273–279. [7] Special Issue on Magma Energy, Geothermal Res. Council Bull., vol. 19, Feb. 1990. WILLIAMSON et al.: GEOTHERMAL POWER TECHNOLOGY [8] W. B. Cumming, G. A. G. Nordquist, and D. Astra, “Geophysical exploration for geothermal resources, an application for combined MT-TDEM,” in 70th Annu. Int. Meeting, Soc. Expl. Geophys., 2000, Expanded Abstracts. [9] U. Keio and S. Shojirou, “Geothermal binary power generation system,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 3327–3333. [10] A. Elovic, “Advances in binary cycle technology,” Geothermal Res. Council Trans., vol. 19, pp. 466–469, 1995. [11] A. Sifford and G. R. Bloomquist, “Geothermal electric power pro- duction in the United States; A survey and update for 1995–1999,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 23–37. [12] G.W.BraunandH.K.McCluer,“Geothermalpowergenerationin United States,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 434–448, Mar. 1993. [13] G. W. Huttrer, “The status of world geothermal power generation 1995–2000,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-To- hoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 23–37. [14] L. Rybach, T. Megel, and W. J. Eugster, “At what time scale are geothermal resources renewable?,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 867–872. [15] J. H. Sass and A. H. Lachenbruch, “Heat flow and conduction-dom- inated thermal regimes,” in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 790, Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States, L. J. P. Muffler, Ed: U.S. Geological Survey, 1979, pp. 8–11. [16] K. Gawell, M. Reed, and P. M. Wright, “Preliminary report: Geothermal energy, the potential for clean power from the earth,” Geothermal Energy Association, Washington, D.C., 1999. [17] H.C.H.ArmsteadandJ.W.Tester,HeatMining—ANewSourceof Energy. London, U.K.: E. & F.N. Spon Ltd., 1987. [18] J. W. Pritchett, “Modeling post-abandonment electrical capacity recovery for a two-phase geothermal reservoir,” Geothermal Res. Council Trans., vol. 22, pp. 521–528, 1998. [19] S. Usman and D. G. Moelyono, “Maximizing community benefits and minimizing environmental impacts in the Gunung Salak geothermal project, Indonesia,” in Proc. World Geothermal Congr. 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28–June 10 2000, pp. 689–694. [20] D.L.Gallup,“Agriculturalusesofexcesssteamcondensate—Salton Sea geothermal field,” Geothermal Sci. Tech., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 159–173, 1995. [21] P. T. Naïve and T. R. Haas, “Bulalo well geothermal residue sub- surface injection,” in 22nd Annu. PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conf., Makati City, Philippines, Mar. 13–14, 2001, pp. 143–148. [22] O. D. Whitescarver, J. T. Kwan, M. K. Chan, and D. P. Hoyer, U.S. Patent 4 761 182, 1988. Authorized licensed use limited to: National United University. Downloaded on October 10, 2009 at 14:17 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. and Services Group. Kenneth H. Williamson received the Ph.D. de- gree in geophysics from Imperial College, U.K. He then worked with the British Geological Survey for five years, carrying out geothermal re- search and exploration, mainly in the Caribbean and South Pacific. He joined Union Oil Company of California (Unocal), Santa, Rosa, CA, in 1981, where he has worked for 20 years on geothermal projects in the U.S., Latin America, Europe, and Asia. He is currently general Manager of Unocal’s Geothermal Technology 1791PDF Image | Geothermal Power Technology
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