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Summary As the United States and other nations shift toward an electric power generation portfolio focused more heavily on renewables and low-carbon energy sources, mitigating the intermittency inherent with wind and solar power generation has become crucial to maintaining stability and reliability in the nation’s electric transmission and distribution systems. Because the rising carbon prices that are expected to incentivize renewables deployment may also increase the cost of traditional grid balancing resources— particularly resources provided by peaking gas facilities, which typically emit CO2 at higher rates than baseload gas plants—technologies that can offer balancing and ancillary services at lower CO2 emissions rates could become increasingly favorable over time. Along with pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one of the few existing technologies capable of providing grid- scale energy storage. However, current and past commercial implementations of CAES have paired the air storage with a natural gas-fired power plant, creating a long carbon shadow associated with such capital investments. Previous work by McGrail et al.1, 2 has evaluated the possibility of pairing CAES with geothermal resources in lieu of a fossil-fired power generation component, and suggests that such applications may be cost competitive where geology is favorable to siting both the geothermal and CAES components of such a system. Those studies also note that the collocation of subsurface resources that meet both sets of requirements are difficult to find in areas that also offer infrastructure and near- to mid-term market demand for energy storage. This study examines a novel application for the compressed air storage portion of the project by evaluating the potential to store compressed air in disused wells by amending well casings to serve as subsurface pressure vessels (Figure S.1). Because the wells themselves would function in lieu of a geologic storage reservoir for the CAES element of the project, siting could focus on locations with suitable geothermal resources, as long as there was also existing wellfield infrastructure that could be repurposed for air storage. 1 McGrail, B. P., et al. 2013. Technoeconomic Performance Evaluation of Compressed Air Energy Storage in the Pacific Northwest. PNNL-22235. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. 2 McGrail, B. P., et al. 2015. Geothermal-Coupled Compressed Air Energy Storage. PNNL-SA-109815. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. iiiPDF Image | Geothermally Well Based Compressed Air Energy Storage
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