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1.1 Objectives 1.0 Introduction The present study continues Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s research on the application of geothermal (GT) energy to compressed air energy storage (CAES) configurations. Expanding on prior analysis where sedimentary formations and salt domes were modeled for the CAES elements of various systems, this year’s work has focused on revising wells for use as pressure vessels for compressed air storage. The primary objectives of this paper study are to examine feasibility of this novel technological application, to develop estimates of project sizing and associated resource requirements, and to examine overall capital costs and levelized electricity costs via case study analysis. 1.2 Background Previous work by McGrail et al. (2013, 2015) examined options for geothermal-coupled-CAES (GT- CAES) to provide grid-scale balancing resources for zero-emissions integration of intermittent resources such as wind. While those studies indicated that GT-CAES may be both technically achievable and economically feasible, the authors note significant barriers to identifying sites that offer both a suitable CAES reservoir—particularly anticlinal structures in suitably thick, porous and permeable sedimentary rocks—and a promising geothermal resource at the same location. Still, the appeal of large-scale energy storage that can leverage reliable renewable resources to balance the more intermittent renewables, while maintaining the stability of the electric transmission grid using non-emitting technology, suggests that this approach could be broadly applicable were there a way to ease the siting constraints. In addition to larger- scale storage options offered by technologies like pumped hydroelectric and thermal storage, current commercially available energy storage options include large steel tanks to store compressed air or other fluids, suggesting that the CAES portion of the project could be accomplished via relatively low-tech means, allowing for a narrower focus on the GT resource and the market need for energy storage. While purpose-built pressure vessels are practical for small, facility-scale energy storage, they reflect a significant capital cost. Instead, billions of tons of steel well casing exist under the ground across large swaths of the United States, including in areas that offer proven geothermal resources. The steel casings in millions of abandoned wellbores in the U.S. and elsewhere may offer an opportunity to create subsurface pressure vessels for CAES, leveraging disused capital assets left over from conventional energy production to enable development of both geothermal and intermittent renewable resources. This approach, relative to the use of sedimentary reservoirs evaluated under previous studies (McGrail 2013, 2015), also offers the benefit of limiting the pressure effects to the well itself, with only minor near-field effects in the rock matrix expected as a result of physical changes at the casing/cement/rock interfaces. As a result, the geographic applicability should be significantly broader than that of GT-coupled sedimentary CAES, making more geologically complex locations in California, Texas, and the Gulf Coast amenable to this hybrid energy storage application. The vast number of existing wellbores in the U.S. also reflects a rich dataset to underpin assessments of the CAES part of the project. Whereas previous efforts required the use of sparse data to identify and parameterize modeling assumptions for potential CAES reservoirs—often intervals of little interest to drillers and thus poorly characterized in publicly available well logs and other materials—regulatory 1PDF Image | Geothermally Well Based Compressed Air Energy Storage
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