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3.2 Existing Well Completions The extensive development of The Geysers field has led to the drilling and production of several hundred wells, offering an extremely dense population of well data. A statistical summary of The Geysers geothermal field provided by Calpine Corporation, a leading power plant operator of The Geysers field, reports an average well depth of 8,500 ft with average steam production rates of 36,180 pounds per hour and an average reservoir steam temperature of 371.4 °F (189 °C) (Calpine, 2015). Historical casing selections for wells completed at The Geysers field have been driven by the need to supply sufficient steam production to ensure a commercially viable well. As such, large diameter production holes were selected to accommodate high flow rates with minimal friction loss. Other casing design considerations at The Geysers include cementing strategies, cement properties, and casing grade. Because the well completion depths at The Geysers are relatively shallow compared to deep oil and gas wells, the collapse strength required to withstand annular pressures while placing cement is relatively low, enabling the use of lower grade (K or N) casings (Pye and Hamblin 1991). A typical production well drilled at The Geysers field is generally constructed with casing installed to the top of the productive zone, with open-hole completions extending into the reservoir. The diameters of the production casing and open hole are generally maximized to the extent possible; however, the drilling depth to the top of the productive zone imposes a practical limit on the diameter of the borehole at depth. The depth to the productive zone varies considerably across The Geysers field, resulting in various well completion designs. For example, wells located in the southeast portion of The Geysers field are relatively shallow and are generally completed with 13-3/8 inch (K-55; 54#/ft) production casing to a depth between 3,000 to 4,000 ft (Henneberger et al., 1995, Henneberger et al., 1993). In the northwest portion of The Geysers field, production wells are generally much deeper and constructed with 9-5/8 inch (K-55; 36#/ft or 40#/ft) production casing extending to approximately 8,500 ft. With deeper well completions, the 9-5/8 inch production liners may or may not extend to the surface. For repurposing a well for CAES, a tie back liner that extends the surface would minimize the total storage volume of the well, but would offer more casing integrity and reduce the risk of casing fatigue and failure when subjected to frequent pressure and thermal loading cycles. ASPEN® scenarios were developed to reflect conservative assumptions regarding well capacity, and modeling has been performed for wells completed with 9-5/8 inch (K-55; 36#/ft or 40#/ft) production casing cemented in place from the surface to a plugged-back depth of 8,500 ft. 13PDF Image | Geothermally Well Based Compressed Air Energy Storage
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