Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions

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Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions ( hi-temp-thermochemical-energy-storage-via-solid-gas-reaction )

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Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 24 Energies 2020, 13, 5859 2 of 23 consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions [1]. A high potential also exists in the combination of TCES systems with renewable energy systems. Thermal energy storage is indeed consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions [1]. A high potential also exists in the combination particularly suitable for being combined with concentrated solar energy that relies on an intermittent of TCES systems with renewable energy systems. Thermal energy storage is indeed particularly resource, with the aim to operate the process continuously (day and night as well as stable operation suitable for being combined with concentrated solar energy that relies on an intermittent resource, during fluctuating solar energy input) (Figure 1). Indeed, solar energy is variable and can fluctuate a with the aim to operate the process continuously (day and night as well as stable operation during lot in nature due to clouds and weather conditions, thus requiring a storage system for smooth and fluctuating solar energy input) (Figure 1). Indeed, solar energy is variable and can fluctuate a lot in stable operation under fluctuating solar irradiation conditions. TCES is thus attractive since nature due to clouds and weather conditions, thus requiring a storage system for smooth and stable continuous operation allows a strong increase in the capacity factor of the solar plant, while it can operation under fluctuating solar irradiation conditions. TCES is thus attractive since continuous further contribute to eliminating transient effects due to start-up/shutdown periods and operation allows a strong increase in the capacity factor of the solar plant, while it can further contribute unstable/variable solar conditions. The possible envisioned applications are pertaining to electricity to eliminating transient effects due to start-up/shutdown periods and unstable/variable solar conditions. production by concentrated solar power (CSP) plants or more generally high temperature chemical The possible envisioned applications are pertaining to electricity production by concentrated solar processes requiring an external energy input as the process heat supply (e.g., cement and concrete power (CSP) plants or more generally high temperature chemical processes requiring an external production, minerals calcination, metallurgical processes, fuel production processes or chemical energy input as the process heat supply (e.g., cement and concrete production, minerals calcination, industrial processes). Most industrial energy-intensive processes require a high temperature heat metallurgical processes, fuel production processes or chemical industrial processes). Most industrial source generally provided by fossil fuel burning. In such high temperature processes, the required energy-intensive processes require a high temperature heat source generally provided by fossil fuel high temperature heat for running power cycles or driving endothermal reactions can be generated burning. In such high temperature processes, the required high temperature heat for running power with solar concentrating systems (parabolic dish, trough, linear Fresnel systems or solar tower cycles or driving endothermal reactions can be generated with solar concentrating systems (parabolic receivers with heliostat field). This is the case of CSP plants for electricity generation and solar dish, trough, linear Fresnel systems or solar tower receivers with heliostat field). This is the case of CSP thermochemical processes for fuels (syngas production via reforming, gasification of carbonaceous plants for electricity generation and solar thermochemical processes for fuels (syngas production via feedstocks, H2O and CO2 splitting via thermochemical cycles, etc.) or chemical commodity reforming, gasification of carbonaceous feedstocks, H2O and CO2 splitting via thermochemical cycles, production (cement, metals, etc.). Thus, the interest in TCES integration in such processes for etc.) or chemical commodity production (cement, metals, etc.). Thus, the interest in TCES integration continuous operation is constantly growing. Another possible application is the utilization of TCES in such processes for continuous operation is constantly growing. Another possible application is the for the recovery and storage of waste heat of various energy and industrial processes at different utilization of TCES for the recovery and storage of waste heat of various energy and industrial processes temperature levels in order to increase process efficiencies or to produce additional extra at different temperature levels in order to increase process efficiencies or to produce additional extra heat/electricity. heat/electricity. Figure 1. Scheme of the solar power plant main components integrating buffer thermal energy Figure 1. Scheme of the solar power plant main components integrating buffer thermal energy storage storage system. system. The TCES integration within a solar power plant implies the utilization of a heat transfer fluid (HTFT) h(FeigTuCrEeS2)i.nDteugriantgioonn-wsuitnhihnoaursso,ltahrepHoTwFeflropwlasnitnismidpelitehsetshoelaurtrieliczeaitvieornaonfdaishueasetdtrtaonstfoerefhlueiadt (inHtThFe)T(FCiEgSurseys2t)e.mDu(hreinagt cohna-rsguen, ehnoduortsh,etrhmeaHl)T. FThfeloTwCsEiSnsiydsetetmhecsaonlabrerceocmeibvienreadnwditishuosreidntteogrsatoterde hinetaottihnetshoelaTrCreEcSeivsyesrt(edmire(chtesattorcahgaer)goe,resenpdaortahterdm(ainl)d.iTrehcetsTtoCrEaSges)y.sTthemeecxaitninbgeHcToFmibsitnheednwusitehdotor irnutnegthraetetudrbinintoetohfethsoelparowreecreibvleorck(d.iDreucrtisntgoroaffg-es)uonrhsoeuprasr,athedeH(inTdFirdeicretcstloyraflgoew).sTtheroeuxgithintgheHTCFEiSs tshyestneumsefodrthoerautnrethcoevtuerybi(ndeisocfhtahregepostweper,ebxlocthke.rDmuarli)nignofrfd-seurntohoinucrrse,atsheiHtsTteFmdpirercattluyrfeloawndstphrovuigdhe thheeatTtCoEthSesydsotwemnsftorerahmeaptrroeceosvs,erthye(rdeibsycheanragbelisntgepc,oenxtointhueorumsaolp)einraotirodne.rtoincreaseitstemperature and provide heat to the downstream process, thereby enabling continuous operation.

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