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Energies 2020, 13, 5859 17 of 23 were synthesized and tested in a 5 kWth scale (seven-lamp high-flux solar simulator) reactor under vacuum for TCES via reversible point defect reactions [116,117]. The material was introduced to the reactor in the form of particle flow using temperatures up to 900 ◦C to avoid particle agglomeration. The performances of the reactor were assessed for particle flow varying between 230 and 300 g/min, reactor inclination angle from 31◦ to 35◦ and radiative heat flux of 4.3 to 5.2 kWth. The study of the Cu-doped perovskite system SrFeO3−δ, SrFe1-xCuxO3−δ, demonstrated that with x = 0.05 both Cu and Fe are reduced, while for x = 0.15, the reduction occurs with a change in Fe oxidation state [118]. The re-oxidation of the material is fast around 150 ◦C, and the system is considered for oxygen storage application. 6. Conclusions The most developed TCES systems were reviewed as this energy storage approach offers interesting prospects in view of future integration in solar processes for the aim of continuous round-the-clock operation. The relevant solar processes for high temperature energy storage application are the power production via thermodynamic cycles in CSP plants, but also the thermochemical processes requiring high temperature process heat to drive endothermal reactions (such as industrial processes for cement or iron/steel production, as well as chemical and fuel production processes). The main benefits of thermochemical energy storage over the other commonly-used and more developed storage systems (sensible or latent) are the possible long-term storage in the form of stable chemical materials, the high energy storage densities accessible and the heat storage at high temperatures in a wide range (from 400 to above 1000 ◦C). The main targeted benefits offered by TCES are the possible 24/7 operation and continuous production under fluctuating and intermittent solar irradiation conditions. This review shows that research is currently active in the fields of hydroxides and carbonates (mainly Ca-based), but also metal oxides and perovskites that allow operating in open loop under air as both the heat transfer fluid and the gaseous reactant (oxygen) during the heat charge/discharge steps. Strong research efforts and strategies are deployed to optimize the materials reactivity/stability over multiple cycles and avoid any loss in performance. Alternative materials are also being searched, such as abundant and low-cost ore minerals, residues from industrial wastes or side products for their potential use as TCES material. The materials’ shaping and integration in reactor systems for heat storage and release are also another area of interest that requires the design and optimization of suitable reactor and heat exchanger concepts. Further investigations in the area of TCES should also focus on the kinetic investigations of the charge/discharge steps for practical implementation of TCES systems. Finally, systems analysis (heat and mass flow optimization, dynamic simulation for investigating impact of transient effects, energy/exergy performance analysis), process flowsheets and techno-economic analysis of the integrated system are also necessary to demonstrate the beneficial impacts of thermochemical energy storage on increasing the capacity factor of the solar plant thanks to continuous operation and on enhancing the viability of the whole solar process. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.A. and S.A.; methodology, L.A. and S.A.; investigation, L.A. and S.A.; writing—original draft preparation, L.A. and S.A.; writing—review and editing, L.A. and S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Yan, Y.; Wang, K.; Clough, P.T.; Anthony, E.J. Developments in calcium/chemical looping and metal oxide redox cycles for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage: A review. Fuel Process. Technol. 2020, 199, 106280. [CrossRef] 2. Chen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Qi, C.; Ling, X.; Peng, H. State of the art on the high-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 177, 792–815. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions
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