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7. The Atmosphere and Electricity It is thought that, when the Earth was young, after it had cooled from a molten mass of condensing gases and a crust had formed, it was entirely covered in water. In those early days there was great heat loss and the Earth was cooler. The lower part of the initial atmosphere was composed of water vapour evaporated from the vast ocean, with a contribution of other gases emanating from volcanic eruptions. Because of its high specific heat1 and its capacity to retain heat, the water vapour gradually absorbed the heat of the Sun, thus raising the average temperature. Heat losses were kept to a minimum at night because water absorbs infrared heat. It was these qualities of water that allowed the greenhouse effect to take hold. Otherwise the Earth would have remained cold, lifeless and barren. Of all liquids, water has the greatest ability to store heat. It absorbs heat slowly, releasing it slowly. Water vapour was thus an ideal medium for conserving heat on the Earth's surface, enabling life to gain hold and, once it was established, water became the medium for complex life forms to develop. What makes water different from all other liquids is its so-called 'anomaly point' or 'point of anomalous expansion,' which will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 9. Contrary to the behaviour of other liquids, the volume of water does not decrease continually with increasing cold; below a temperature of +4°C (39°F) it starts to expand again, and on freezing expands still further. Pure water will freeze only at a temperature of around -40°C (-40°F) or in clouds at about -10°C (14°F), which again is fairly important, as we shall discover later. Compared to absolute zero (-273.15°C), supposedly the lowest temperature found in the Uni- verse, the temperature of 0°C (32°F), or freezing point, is relatively warm. The normal human living environment, between approxi- mately -10°C (14°F) and +40°C (104°F), is not a large range. At a height of about 22 km (14 miles) above the Earth's surface, water vapour becomes so thin and unsubstantial that it is dissoci- ated into its constituent atoms of oxygen and hydrogen through the action of strong ultraviolet radiation. As it is the heavier element, 7. THE ATMOSPHERE AND ELECTRICITYPDF Image | Hidden Nature Insights Viktor Schauberger
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