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expense of its upward growth. It develops a cone-shaped form, with much growth of branches on the lower part of the trunk. These will tend to grow on the sunny side of the tree, leaving it unbalanced and misshapen. In its early years, due to high light exposure, a plantation tree exhibits wide annual rings and abnormal lateral branch growth (see Fig. 15.1). Once it receives some protection from its neighbours, the need for lateral branch growth diminishes and it will tend to grow upwards. However, in commercial woodland, the trees are thinned after a prescribed period, those considered suitable for use in con- struction going to the sawmill and the remainder to the pulp-mill. This thinning out exposes the remaining trees to excess heat and light. All their growth energy is diverted to growing branches on the exposed part of the trunk, mainly on the sunny side, which pro- duces knots and twisted, spongy grain. The annual tree rings tell the story of a tree's exposure to light. In Fig. 15.1, the rings near the middle show that in its early years, this 33-year old tree was exposed to unnatural levels of light and heat. The healthiest growth was in middle third of the tree's life, revealed by the annual rings at their closest. Its last years show the stress it experienced when its protecting neighbours were removed. High quality, resonant timber could be cut only from the area of closely spaced rings. A board cut from the full width of the trunk would warp as a result of the unevenness of the grain. For practical purposes the only source of good narrow-ringed timber that is firm and regular in its structure and less likely to warp, is a mature tree from a natural forest. A shade-demander in a natural forest or a plantation that is suddenly exposed to light will show irregular annual rings, an off-centre heart, sometimes heartrot, and radial cracks (called 'shakes') like those shown in Fig. 15.1. Excessive heat- ing, causing sponginess in the wood that often results in heart rot, and encourages bacteria and parasites causes the openness of the grain. This combination of conditions Viktor Schauberger called 'tree cancer.' The conventional theory is that the movement of sap is caused by osmosis, or by differences in pressure between air pressure and the pressure in the capillaries. However, the absorbent raising action of osmosis is limited, and cannot account for the rising of sap in the highest trees, which can exceed 91m (300ft). Mechanical suction cannot be responsible either, as the limit for drawing up water is Fig. 15.1. Cross section through tree trunk. The tight inner rings show normal growth of a shade-demanding tree. The outer rings show evidence of too much exposure to sunlight, following its neighbours' removal. 200 HIDDEN NATUREPDF Image | Hidden Nature Insights Viktor Schauberger
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