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Chapter 1 The Beginning of Icing Research The dangers posed by icing rarely concerned aviators during the first two decades of powered flight. Lacking the instruments necessary to fly without visual references, pilots did their best to avoid clouds. As a result, encounters with icing seldom happened and were always inadvertent. The situation changed in the mid-1920s when the intrepid aviators of the U.S. Air Mail Service attempted to maintain scheduled day-and-night operations between New York and Chicago. These instrument-flying pioneers were the first group of flyers to face the icing menace on a regular basis. As one of their pilots noted at the time about the hazards of the New York-Chicago route, “the greatest of all our problems is ice.”1 A typical encounter took place during the early morning hours of 23 December 1926. Pilot Warren Williams was en route from Cleveland to Chicago with 321 pounds of mail. He was flying underneath an overcast sky until low clouds at Woodville blocked his way. He decided to fly on top, as the cloud layer seemed only 1,000-feet thick. He went on instru- ments, monitoring his gyroscopic turn indicator, ball-bank indicator, and airspeed. As the Douglas M4 biplane began to climb, Williams felt his controls grow “mushy.” His turn indi- cator malfunctioned; his compass began to spin; his altimeter unwound. Williams fought the controls, but without success. As the ground approached, he cut the throttle and jumped. He pulled the rip cord on his recently issued parachute and floated down safely from 300 feet.2 Williams was lucky to have survived his encounter with icing. Fellow pilot John F. Milatzo was not as fortunate. Shortly after midnight on 22 April 1927, while en route from Chicago to New York with the mail, Milatzo crashed into a field during a severe snow and sleet storm. He was killed.3 1 Wesley L. Smith, “Weather Problems Peculiar to the New York-Chicago Airway,” Monthly Weather Review 57 (December 1929): 503–06. 2 William M. Leary, Aerial Pioneers: The U.S. Air Mail Service, 1918–1927 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985), p. 234. 3 Ibid., pp. 234–35. 1PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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